The survey results are in:
The favorite sentences are:
1. Marcus adeo edit ut ambulare non posset. (E Howser)
2. tam laeta est ut domire non possit. (Eliza Liu)
3. Three way tie:
Cibus tam bonus erat ut omnia ederim. (Anthony Wishard)
tot hostes aderant ut Marcus pugnare non posset. (Nick Hubner)
Scintilla cenam ita paravit ut omnes eam laudarent. (Lauren Bejzak)
Congrats to all for some clever sentences.
***********************
I have copied all the perfect result clause sentences below. I divided them according to the tense of the subjunctive in order to show what the subjunctive tenses indicate.
Note that the result clauses actually begin with the ut. Ne is never used for result clauses only purpose clauses, indirect commands, and some others we haven't learned yet (fear and prevention). Negative result clause start with ut and have non or another negative somewhere in the clause.
There is often a sign post word in the main clause that indicates the presence of a subordinate result clause. Some such sign post words are: sic, ita, adeo, tam, tot, tantus, and talis, they tend to mean "so" or "such".
EXAMPLES (sign post word in bold, result clause in italics)
Ita currebat ut ad terminum viae primus adveniret.
He was running in such a way that he arrived at the end of the road first.
Tantus Caesar est ut nemo se ei opponat.
Caesar is so great that no one opposes themselves to him.
Result clauses may violate the sequence of tenses by using a present or perfect subjunctive in secondary sequence (after a past tense main verb) to emphasize that a result actually occurred.
PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
(often used after past main verb to show an actual perfect tense result)
Joe Strawitz
Tam laeta eram ut riserim.
Andrew Coons
ita dixit ut omnes fleverint.
Anthony Wishard
Iter tam parvum erat ut uno die advenerim.
Cibus tam bonus erat ut omnia ederim.
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
(used mostly after primary main verbs, always shows a result in the present)
Eliza Liu
tam laeta est ut domire non possit.
Hanna Bertoldi
Tam diligenter laborat ut multa perficiat.
Morgan Burgess
Quintus ad ludum totiens sero advenit ut magister iratus non sit.
IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
(used mostly after past tense main verbs, always shows a result in the past)
Elizabeth Harkinson
Quintus tam fessus erat ut ēsse non posset.
Hanna Bertoldi
Tanta fecit ut urbem servaret.
Morgan Burgess
Horatia tam anxia erat ut non posset dormire.
E Howser
Marcus adeo edit ut ambulare non posset.
Nick Hubner
tot hostes aderant ut Marcus pugnare non posset.
Lauren Bejzak
Scintilla cenam ita paravit ut omnes eam laudarent.
Olivia Hill
Quintus tam audax erat ut amici eum laudarent.
Monday, March 29, 2010
Conditions ch. 44
In both Latin and English there are two main kinds of conditions. Simple or general conditions that use regular indicative verbs and ideal or imaginary conditions that use subjunctive verbs.
SIMPLE/GENERAL CONDITIONS
Simple conditions are constructed in the same way in English and Latin for present and past tenses. In Latin si = if and nisi = unless/if not. In general conditions, the verbs are still indicative, but we may translate "if ever" or "whenever", in Latin as in English a word like umquam (ever) may occur in the if-clause, and a word like semper (always) or saepe (often) may occur in the then-clause of a general condition.
Examples:
If he left, I followed. {Past general = Whenever he left, I followed.
Si discessit, secutus sum.
If you are coming, we are coming too.
Si venis, quoque venimus.
Unless he is leaving, we are not staying.
Nisi discedit, non manemus.
However, future or future perfect simple conditions (which are also called future more vivid conditions) have a present or perfect tense verb in the if-clause in English while Latin follows the logical sequence and uses future or future perfect tense for both clauses.
Examples:
If they come, I will see them.
Si venient(fut.)/venerint(fut. perf.), eos videbo(fut.).
If you build it, they will come.
Si id aedificabis(fut.)/aedificaveris(fut. perf.), venient(fut.).
Unless you remind them, they won't remember.
Nisi eos admonebis(fut.)/admonueris(fut. perf.), non meminerint(fut. perf.).
Subjunctive Ideal/Imaginary Conditions
There is somewhat of a difference between what your book calls future ideal conditions and present or past ideal conditions.
Many other books would call a future ideal condition either a future less vivid (because it is not as vivid as the future more vivid which has future indicative) or a "should-would" condition (because it can be translated with should and would). Such conditions refer to a possible, but not strongly stated, future condition.
Typically the if-clause has "should" or "were to" and the then-clause has "would" in English.
Examples:
If he should come (or "were to come"), we would greet him warmly.
If you should leave (or "were to leave"), I would go too.
*Note the difference between the above future less vivid and the future more vivid: If he DOES come, we WILL greet him warmly. If you LEAVE, I WILL go too.
The present and past ideal conditions are often called unreal or contrafactual or contrary-to-fact conditions. A present contrary-to-fact condition states a present condition that is impossible or unreal. A past contrary-to-fact condition states a past condition that is impossible or unreal.
Typically a present contrary-to-fact condition has "were verbing"/"verbed" for the if-clause and "would verb" or "would be verbing" for the then-clause.
Typically a past contrary-to-fact condition has "had been verbing"/"had verbed" for the if-clause and "would have verbed" or "would have been verbing" for the then-clause.
Examples:
If he were leaving, we would go too. (but neither is true)
Were he coming, I would wait. (but neither is true)
We would not have left if he had gone. (but neither is true)
If you had come, I would not have joined in. (but neither is true)
English and Latin Examples of Subjunctive Conditions
Future Ideal/Future Less Vivid/"Should-Would": present subjunctive in Latin
If you should leave, I would follow.
Si discedas, sequar.
If he were to go, they would too.
Si eat, quoque eant.
Present Ideal/Present Unreal/Present Contrary-to-Fact: imperfect subjunctive in Latin
Unless you were leaving, you would not be sad.
Nisi discederes, non esses maestus.
If she were running (ran), she would win.
Si ea curreret, vinceret.
Past Ideal/Past Unreal/Past Contrary-to-Fact: pluperfect subjunctive in Latin
If you had run, you would have won.
Si cucurrisses, vicisses.
Unless he had left, we would have left soon.
Nisi discessisset, mox discessissemus.
One may mix present and past unreal:
If he had come, we would see him now.
Si venisset, eum nunc videremus.
SIMPLE/GENERAL CONDITIONS
Simple conditions are constructed in the same way in English and Latin for present and past tenses. In Latin si = if and nisi = unless/if not. In general conditions, the verbs are still indicative, but we may translate "if ever" or "whenever", in Latin as in English a word like umquam (ever) may occur in the if-clause, and a word like semper (always) or saepe (often) may occur in the then-clause of a general condition.
Examples:
If he left, I followed. {Past general = Whenever he left, I followed.
Si discessit, secutus sum.
If you are coming, we are coming too.
Si venis, quoque venimus.
Unless he is leaving, we are not staying.
Nisi discedit, non manemus.
However, future or future perfect simple conditions (which are also called future more vivid conditions) have a present or perfect tense verb in the if-clause in English while Latin follows the logical sequence and uses future or future perfect tense for both clauses.
Examples:
If they come, I will see them.
Si venient(fut.)/venerint(fut. perf.), eos videbo(fut.).
If you build it, they will come.
Si id aedificabis(fut.)/aedificaveris(fut. perf.), venient(fut.).
Unless you remind them, they won't remember.
Nisi eos admonebis(fut.)/admonueris(fut. perf.), non meminerint(fut. perf.).
Subjunctive Ideal/Imaginary Conditions
There is somewhat of a difference between what your book calls future ideal conditions and present or past ideal conditions.
Many other books would call a future ideal condition either a future less vivid (because it is not as vivid as the future more vivid which has future indicative) or a "should-would" condition (because it can be translated with should and would). Such conditions refer to a possible, but not strongly stated, future condition.
Typically the if-clause has "should" or "were to" and the then-clause has "would" in English.
Examples:
If he should come (or "were to come"), we would greet him warmly.
If you should leave (or "were to leave"), I would go too.
*Note the difference between the above future less vivid and the future more vivid: If he DOES come, we WILL greet him warmly. If you LEAVE, I WILL go too.
The present and past ideal conditions are often called unreal or contrafactual or contrary-to-fact conditions. A present contrary-to-fact condition states a present condition that is impossible or unreal. A past contrary-to-fact condition states a past condition that is impossible or unreal.
Typically a present contrary-to-fact condition has "were verbing"/"verbed" for the if-clause and "would verb" or "would be verbing" for the then-clause.
Typically a past contrary-to-fact condition has "had been verbing"/"had verbed" for the if-clause and "would have verbed" or "would have been verbing" for the then-clause.
Examples:
If he were leaving, we would go too. (but neither is true)
Were he coming, I would wait. (but neither is true)
We would not have left if he had gone. (but neither is true)
If you had come, I would not have joined in. (but neither is true)
English and Latin Examples of Subjunctive Conditions
Future Ideal/Future Less Vivid/"Should-Would": present subjunctive in Latin
If you should leave, I would follow.
Si discedas, sequar.
If he were to go, they would too.
Si eat, quoque eant.
Present Ideal/Present Unreal/Present Contrary-to-Fact: imperfect subjunctive in Latin
Unless you were leaving, you would not be sad.
Nisi discederes, non esses maestus.
If she were running (ran), she would win.
Si ea curreret, vinceret.
Past Ideal/Past Unreal/Past Contrary-to-Fact: pluperfect subjunctive in Latin
If you had run, you would have won.
Si cucurrisses, vicisses.
Unless he had left, we would have left soon.
Nisi discessisset, mox discessissemus.
One may mix present and past unreal:
If he had come, we would see him now.
Si venisset, eum nunc videremus.
Wednesday, March 24, 2010
Indirect Discourse Sentences
Here are all the sentences with perfect grammar and good word order. I really enjoyed the sentences this time.
You may rank your top FIVE favorites and translate them for extra credit on the test. Please email them to me by Friday if you would like to earn extra credit for your test grade.
Indirect Statement
Olivia Hill
dixit puellam benignam esse.
negavit puerum benignum esse.
Hanna Bertoldi
Scintilla dixit se multos filios et filias habere.
Dixi pueros vocare.
Lauren Bejzak
Scintilla dixit Horatiam ad ludum festinare.
E Howser
Quintus dicit se patrem auditurum esse.
Kyle Rhoads
Quintus sperat se parentes inventurum esse.
Matt Naiman
Speravi te cupitum esse.
Eliza Liu
Quintus gaudet se domum rediturum esse.
Scivit magistrum iratum esse.
Clay Clements
Dixit se cenam ēsse. (not esse)
Putat se cenam amare.
Indirect Question
Olivia Hill
Horatia Scintillam rogavit num argum vidisset.
Hanna Bertoldi
Rogo unde veneris.
Lauren Bejzak
Horatia Quintum rogat quid legat.
Anthony Wishard
Rogo num accedat.
Joe Strawitz
Magistrum rogat quid doceat.
E Howser
rogat quomodo sis.
Kyle Rhoads
Nescio quid fecerint.
Elizabeth Harkinson
Cognoscam utrum venerit necne.
Alyssa Walker
Iulia eam rogat cur vinum biberit.
Quintus rogat ubi convivium sit.
Matt Naiman
Rogavi num careret fama.
Eliza Liu
rogavit quid facturi essent.
nescio num Quintus domum redierit.
Indirect Command
Olivia Hill
Scintilla Horatiam rogat ut se adiuvet.
Hanna Bertoldi
Impero ut servos liberes.
Oravi ut puellam amares.
Anthony Wishard
Imperant tibi ut curras.
Imperaverunt tibi ne curreres.
Andrew Coons
magister servo imperat ut laboret.
Mike Weil
Moneo ut curras.
Eliza Liu
Scintilla Quinto imperavit ut se iuvaret.
vetuit eum in agro ludere.
You may rank your top FIVE favorites and translate them for extra credit on the test. Please email them to me by Friday if you would like to earn extra credit for your test grade.
Indirect Statement
Olivia Hill
dixit puellam benignam esse.
negavit puerum benignum esse.
Hanna Bertoldi
Scintilla dixit se multos filios et filias habere.
Dixi pueros vocare.
Lauren Bejzak
Scintilla dixit Horatiam ad ludum festinare.
E Howser
Quintus dicit se patrem auditurum esse.
Kyle Rhoads
Quintus sperat se parentes inventurum esse.
Matt Naiman
Speravi te cupitum esse.
Eliza Liu
Quintus gaudet se domum rediturum esse.
Scivit magistrum iratum esse.
Clay Clements
Dixit se cenam ēsse. (not esse)
Putat se cenam amare.
Indirect Question
Olivia Hill
Horatia Scintillam rogavit num argum vidisset.
Hanna Bertoldi
Rogo unde veneris.
Lauren Bejzak
Horatia Quintum rogat quid legat.
Anthony Wishard
Rogo num accedat.
Joe Strawitz
Magistrum rogat quid doceat.
E Howser
rogat quomodo sis.
Kyle Rhoads
Nescio quid fecerint.
Elizabeth Harkinson
Cognoscam utrum venerit necne.
Alyssa Walker
Iulia eam rogat cur vinum biberit.
Quintus rogat ubi convivium sit.
Matt Naiman
Rogavi num careret fama.
Eliza Liu
rogavit quid facturi essent.
nescio num Quintus domum redierit.
Indirect Command
Olivia Hill
Scintilla Horatiam rogat ut se adiuvet.
Hanna Bertoldi
Impero ut servos liberes.
Oravi ut puellam amares.
Anthony Wishard
Imperant tibi ut curras.
Imperaverunt tibi ne curreres.
Andrew Coons
magister servo imperat ut laboret.
Mike Weil
Moneo ut curras.
Eliza Liu
Scintilla Quinto imperavit ut se iuvaret.
vetuit eum in agro ludere.
Monday, March 22, 2010
Principal Parts for Verb Synopses on Test 2
The verb synopses on the exam will be chosen from this list.
amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus
moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus
agō, agere, ēgī, actus
cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus
mūniō, mūnīre, mūnīvī, mūnītus
cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum (deponent)
ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum (deponent)
volō, velle, voluī (only active)
gaudeō, gaudēre, gavīsus sum (semi-deponent)
confīdō, confīdere, confīsus sum (semi-deponent)
Example Synopses
amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus
moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus
agō, agere, ēgī, actus
cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus
mūniō, mūnīre, mūnīvī, mūnītus
cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum (deponent)
ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum (deponent)
volō, velle, voluī (only active)
gaudeō, gaudēre, gavīsus sum (semi-deponent)
confīdō, confīdere, confīsus sum (semi-deponent)
Example Synopses
| (forms that are rare or non-existent) | ||
| xxx forms that do not exist | ||
| T/V/M | audeō 2nd pl. | mūniō 2nd s. |
| Pres Act Ind | audētis | mūnīs |
| Pres Pas Ind | (audēminī) | mūnīris |
| Impf Act Ind | audēbātis | mūniēbās |
| Impf Pas Ind | (audēbāminī) | mūniēbāris |
| Fut Act Ind | audēbitis | mūniēs |
| Fut Pas Ind | (audēbiminī) | mūniēris |
| Perf Act Ind | xxx | mūnīvistī |
| Perf Pas Ind | ausī estis | mūnītus es |
| Plpf Act Ind | xxx | mūnīverās |
| Plpf Pas Ind | ausī erātis | mūnītus erās |
| Fpf Act Ind | xxx | mūnīveris |
| Fpf Pas Ind | ausī eritis | mūnītus eris |
| Pres Act Sub | audeātis | mūniās |
| Pres Pas Sub | (audeāminī) | mūniāris |
| Impf Act Sub | audērētis | mūnīrēs |
| Impf Pas Sub | (audērēminī) | mūnīrēris |
| Perf Act Sub | xxx | mūnīveris |
| Perf Pas Sub | ausī sītis | mūnītus sīs |
| Plpf Act Sub | xxx | mūnīvissēs |
| Plpf Pas Sub | ausī essētis | mūnītus essēs |
| Pres Act Inf | audēre | mūnīre |
| Pres Pas Inf | (audērī) | mūnīrī |
| Perf Act Inf | xxx | mūnīvisse |
| Perf Pas Inf | ausus esse | mūnītus esse |
| Fut Act Inf | ausūrus esse | mūnītūrus esse |
| Pas Peri Inf | xxxxxxxx | xxxxxxxx |
| Prs Act Part | audens | mūniens |
| Pf Pas Part | ausus | mūnītus |
| Fut Act Part | ausūrus | mūnītūrus |
| Fut Pas Part | xxxxxxxx | xxxxxxxx |
Wednesday, March 10, 2010
Spring Break Assignment Grammar Sentences
EXAMPLE GRAMMAR SENTENCES ILLUSTRATING INDIRECT DISCOURSE
(Indirect Statements, Questions, Commands)
For your assignment (due after Spring Break), compose two Latin sentences with each type of clauses (6 sentences total): 2 with ind. statements, 2 with ind. questions, and 2 with ind. commands. You may not merely copy my sentences or sentences from the book or elsewhere, but you may use other Latin sentences as models for your own. Indeed, unless you have a firm understanding of the Latin grammar, I recommend that you do use these sentences as your models. Provide an English translation of each of your six Latin sentences.
Indirect Statements
I know that you are being called.
Sciō tē vocārī.
I knew that you were being called.
Scīvī tē vocārī.
I knew that you had been called.
Scīvī tē vocātum esse.
They thought that they would conquer the enemy.
Putāvērunt sē hostēs victūrōs esse.
They say that they will conquer the enemy.
Dicunt sē hostēs victūrōs esse.
Indirect Questions
I will ask whether they are coming.
Rogābō num veniant.
I had asked whether they were coming.
Rogāveram num venīrent.
You wanted to know whether he had been killed or not.
Cupiēbās cognoscere utrum interfectus esset necne.
You will learn whether he was killed or not.
Cognoscēs utrum interfectus sit necne.
Indirect Commands
They had persuaded us to leave at once.
Persuaserant nōbīs ut statim discēderēmus.
They are asking us to leave immediately.
Orant (nōs) ut statim discēdāmus.
I advise you to come to the city.
Moneō (tē) ut ad urbem veniās.
He advised you to come to Rome.
Monuit (tē) ut Rōmam venīrēs.
I will tell you not to come.
Imperābō tibi nē veniās.
(Indirect Statements, Questions, Commands)
For your assignment (due after Spring Break), compose two Latin sentences with each type of clauses (6 sentences total): 2 with ind. statements, 2 with ind. questions, and 2 with ind. commands. You may not merely copy my sentences or sentences from the book or elsewhere, but you may use other Latin sentences as models for your own. Indeed, unless you have a firm understanding of the Latin grammar, I recommend that you do use these sentences as your models. Provide an English translation of each of your six Latin sentences.
Indirect Statements
I know that you are being called.
Sciō tē vocārī.
I knew that you were being called.
Scīvī tē vocārī.
I knew that you had been called.
Scīvī tē vocātum esse.
They thought that they would conquer the enemy.
Putāvērunt sē hostēs victūrōs esse.
They say that they will conquer the enemy.
Dicunt sē hostēs victūrōs esse.
Indirect Questions
I will ask whether they are coming.
Rogābō num veniant.
I had asked whether they were coming.
Rogāveram num venīrent.
You wanted to know whether he had been killed or not.
Cupiēbās cognoscere utrum interfectus esset necne.
You will learn whether he was killed or not.
Cognoscēs utrum interfectus sit necne.
Indirect Commands
They had persuaded us to leave at once.
Persuaserant nōbīs ut statim discēderēmus.
They are asking us to leave immediately.
Orant (nōs) ut statim discēdāmus.
I advise you to come to the city.
Moneō (tē) ut ad urbem veniās.
He advised you to come to Rome.
Monuit (tē) ut Rōmam venīrēs.
I will tell you not to come.
Imperābō tibi nē veniās.
Monday, March 8, 2010
Indirect Statements
Below I use these verbs for examples:
amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus
moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus
cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus
mūniō, mūnīre, mūnīvī, mūnītus
New Infinitives
Perfect Active
Formation:
1) 3rd principal part: amāvī, monuī
2) take off final ī: amāv, monu
3) add isse: amāvisse, monuisse
Note: Technically this is the infinitive used to form the pluperfect subjunctive that you already know. Amāvisse (perf. act. inf.) + m, s, t, mus, tis, nt = pluperfect active subjunctive
Translation:
to have verbed
Translation in Indirect Statement:
verbed OR have verbed (primary sequence)
had verbed (secondary)
Perfect Passive
Formation:
1) get perfect passive participle (=4th principal part): mūnītum, cupītum
2) add separate word esse: mūnītum esse, cupītum esse
3) make PPP agree with the subject of the infinitive: viam mūnītam esse, nummōs cupītōs esse
Translation:
to have been verbed
Translation in Indirect Statement:
was verbed OR have been verbed (primary sequence)
had been verbed (secondary)
Future Active
Formation:
1) get perfect passive participle (=4th principal part): mūnītum, cupītum
2) take off final –um (or –us): mūnīt, cupīt
3) add ūrus to make future active participle: mūnītūrus, cupītūrus
4) add separate word esse: mūnītūrus esse, cupītūrus esse
5) make FAP agree with the subject of the infinitive: Caesarem mūnītūrum esse, eam cupītūram esse
Translation:
to be going to verb OR to be about to verb
Translation in Indirect Statement:
will verb OR is going to verb (primary sequence)
would verb OR was going to verb (secondary)
Some verbs like sum have no passives, only active forms:
esse (present active)
fuisse (perfect active)
futūrus esse AND fore (future active)
Deponent and Semi-deponent verbs will be missing some forms:
conārī (present passive, active meaning)
conātus esse (perfect passive, active meaning)
conātūrus esse (future active, active meaning, this is one of the exception to deponents’ passive forms)
audēre (present active)
ausus esse (perfect passive, active meaning)
ausūrus esse (future active)
INDIRECT STATEMENTS
We have already learned two of the three types of indirect discourse: indirect questions and indirect commands (start with ut or nē). Both of these use subjunctive verbs in Latin. The third and final type of indirect discourse is Indirect Statement which in Latin uses an accusative subject and infinitive verb. Like all infinitives and participles, the infinitives in indirect statement will show relative time. If the accusative subject of the infinitive is the same as the main verb you will have to use a reflexive pronoun: mē, nōs, tē, vōs, or sē.
TENSE OF INFINITIVE (TIME RELATIVE TO MAIN VERB)
Present (Same)
Perfect (Earlier)
Future (Later)
A Direct Statement is like a quotation, exactly what someone said or thought. An Indirect Statement will be represented in English not by a quotation but by a subordinate clause, often beginning with the word that.
Direct Statements
"I love her."
"I loved her."
"I will love her."
"I was loved by him."
Indirect Statements
Notice how the subject and verb change in relation to the main clause of the sentence.
Present Infinitive shows same time as main verb.
Putat sē eam amāre.
He thinks that he loves her.
Dixit sē eam amāre.
He said that he loved (same time as “said”) her.
Perfect infinitive shows earlier time than main verb.
Putat sē eam amāvisse.
He thinks that he loved her.
Dixit sē eam amāvisse.
He said that he had loved her.
Putat sē ab eō amātam esse.
She thinks that she was loved by him.
Dixit sē ab eō amātam esse
She said that she had been loved by him.
Future Infinitive shows later time than main verb.
Putat sē eam amātūrum esse.
He thinks that he will love her.
Dixit sē eam amātūrum esse.
He said that he would love her.
amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus
moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus
cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus
mūniō, mūnīre, mūnīvī, mūnītus
New Infinitives
Perfect Active
Formation:
1) 3rd principal part: amāvī, monuī
2) take off final ī: amāv, monu
3) add isse: amāvisse, monuisse
Note: Technically this is the infinitive used to form the pluperfect subjunctive that you already know. Amāvisse (perf. act. inf.) + m, s, t, mus, tis, nt = pluperfect active subjunctive
Translation:
to have verbed
Translation in Indirect Statement:
verbed OR have verbed (primary sequence)
had verbed (secondary)
Perfect Passive
Formation:
1) get perfect passive participle (=4th principal part): mūnītum, cupītum
2) add separate word esse: mūnītum esse, cupītum esse
3) make PPP agree with the subject of the infinitive: viam mūnītam esse, nummōs cupītōs esse
Translation:
to have been verbed
Translation in Indirect Statement:
was verbed OR have been verbed (primary sequence)
had been verbed (secondary)
Future Active
Formation:
1) get perfect passive participle (=4th principal part): mūnītum, cupītum
2) take off final –um (or –us): mūnīt, cupīt
3) add ūrus to make future active participle: mūnītūrus, cupītūrus
4) add separate word esse: mūnītūrus esse, cupītūrus esse
5) make FAP agree with the subject of the infinitive: Caesarem mūnītūrum esse, eam cupītūram esse
Translation:
to be going to verb OR to be about to verb
Translation in Indirect Statement:
will verb OR is going to verb (primary sequence)
would verb OR was going to verb (secondary)
Some verbs like sum have no passives, only active forms:
esse (present active)
fuisse (perfect active)
futūrus esse AND fore (future active)
Deponent and Semi-deponent verbs will be missing some forms:
conārī (present passive, active meaning)
conātus esse (perfect passive, active meaning)
conātūrus esse (future active, active meaning, this is one of the exception to deponents’ passive forms)
audēre (present active)
ausus esse (perfect passive, active meaning)
ausūrus esse (future active)
INDIRECT STATEMENTS
We have already learned two of the three types of indirect discourse: indirect questions and indirect commands (start with ut or nē). Both of these use subjunctive verbs in Latin. The third and final type of indirect discourse is Indirect Statement which in Latin uses an accusative subject and infinitive verb. Like all infinitives and participles, the infinitives in indirect statement will show relative time. If the accusative subject of the infinitive is the same as the main verb you will have to use a reflexive pronoun: mē, nōs, tē, vōs, or sē.
TENSE OF INFINITIVE (TIME RELATIVE TO MAIN VERB)
Present (Same)
Perfect (Earlier)
Future (Later)
A Direct Statement is like a quotation, exactly what someone said or thought. An Indirect Statement will be represented in English not by a quotation but by a subordinate clause, often beginning with the word that.
Direct Statements
"I love her."
"I loved her."
"I will love her."
"I was loved by him."
Indirect Statements
Notice how the subject and verb change in relation to the main clause of the sentence.
Present Infinitive shows same time as main verb.
Putat sē eam amāre.
He thinks that he loves her.
Dixit sē eam amāre.
He said that he loved (same time as “said”) her.
Perfect infinitive shows earlier time than main verb.
Putat sē eam amāvisse.
He thinks that he loved her.
Dixit sē eam amāvisse.
He said that he had loved her.
Putat sē ab eō amātam esse.
She thinks that she was loved by him.
Dixit sē ab eō amātam esse
She said that she had been loved by him.
Future Infinitive shows later time than main verb.
Putat sē eam amātūrum esse.
He thinks that he will love her.
Dixit sē eam amātūrum esse.
He said that he would love her.
Friday, March 5, 2010
Ch. 38 Excellent Sentences, NOW RANKED
*NEW*
Results are in from the survey. Here are the rankings:
1) Two-way tie:
Joe Strawitz
Gladium cum difficultate abieci.
Andrew Coons
Aliquando futura dira agnosco.
2) Lauren Bejzak
Horatia immemor Scintillae est.
3) Five-way tie:
Matt Naiman (all 3 sentences ranked the same)
Ego difficultatem agnosco.
Aliquando Kyle feminas noctu complectitur.
Kyle feminas gladio prodet.
Joe Strawitz
Aliquando noctu cubo et vallum intueor.
Anthony Wishard
Periculum dirum agnosco.
My three favorite sentences were picked by no one.
Kyle Rhoads
Immemor periculi, Spartacus vitam abiecit.
Alyssa Walker
Futura complectar, bellorum memor.
Aliquando, difficultatis immemor, cubo.
These sentences have the best Latin in respect to grammar, idiom, and word order. Rank your favorite three and translate them for next Wednesday (March 10).
Lauren Bejzak
Horatia immemor Scintillae est.
Morgan Burgess
Futura complector ne dira sint.
Aliquando caelum noctu intueor.
Clay Clements
Puer cubuit.
Andrew Coons
Aliquando futura dira agnosco.
James Dormer
Futura ruris quam primum complector.
Elizabeth Harkinson
Est rusticus.
Eliza Liu
Noctu ego cubans valla intueor.
Quintus domi memor patriam non prodit.
Puer librum abiecit.
Matt Naiman
Ego difficultatem agnosco.
Aliquando Kyle feminas noctu complectitur.
Kyle feminas gladio prodet.
Kyle feminarum memor est.
Kyle Rhoads
Quam primum Iulium Caesarem Bruto prodam.
Immemor periculi, Spartacus vitam abiecit.
Diri hostes rusticos viros oppugnaverant.
Joe Strawitz
Aliquando noctu cubo et vallum intueor.
Gladium cum difficultate abieci.
Alyssa Walker
Futura complectar, bellorum memor.
Aliquando, difficultatis immemor, cubo.
Rusticum vallum rure agnosco.
Rus dirum intueor.
Quam primum paulum cotidie abicio.
Mike Weil
Horatia est ruri.
Anthony Wishard
Futura quam primum complector.
Periculum dirum agnosco.
Vallum rusticum intueor.
Results are in from the survey. Here are the rankings:
1) Two-way tie:
Joe Strawitz
Gladium cum difficultate abieci.
Andrew Coons
Aliquando futura dira agnosco.
2) Lauren Bejzak
Horatia immemor Scintillae est.
3) Five-way tie:
Matt Naiman (all 3 sentences ranked the same)
Ego difficultatem agnosco.
Aliquando Kyle feminas noctu complectitur.
Kyle feminas gladio prodet.
Joe Strawitz
Aliquando noctu cubo et vallum intueor.
Anthony Wishard
Periculum dirum agnosco.
My three favorite sentences were picked by no one.
Kyle Rhoads
Immemor periculi, Spartacus vitam abiecit.
Alyssa Walker
Futura complectar, bellorum memor.
Aliquando, difficultatis immemor, cubo.
These sentences have the best Latin in respect to grammar, idiom, and word order. Rank your favorite three and translate them for next Wednesday (March 10).
Lauren Bejzak
Horatia immemor Scintillae est.
Morgan Burgess
Futura complector ne dira sint.
Aliquando caelum noctu intueor.
Clay Clements
Puer cubuit.
Andrew Coons
Aliquando futura dira agnosco.
James Dormer
Futura ruris quam primum complector.
Elizabeth Harkinson
Est rusticus.
Eliza Liu
Noctu ego cubans valla intueor.
Quintus domi memor patriam non prodit.
Puer librum abiecit.
Matt Naiman
Ego difficultatem agnosco.
Aliquando Kyle feminas noctu complectitur.
Kyle feminas gladio prodet.
Kyle feminarum memor est.
Kyle Rhoads
Quam primum Iulium Caesarem Bruto prodam.
Immemor periculi, Spartacus vitam abiecit.
Diri hostes rusticos viros oppugnaverant.
Joe Strawitz
Aliquando noctu cubo et vallum intueor.
Gladium cum difficultate abieci.
Alyssa Walker
Futura complectar, bellorum memor.
Aliquando, difficultatis immemor, cubo.
Rusticum vallum rure agnosco.
Rus dirum intueor.
Quam primum paulum cotidie abicio.
Mike Weil
Horatia est ruri.
Anthony Wishard
Futura quam primum complector.
Periculum dirum agnosco.
Vallum rusticum intueor.
Semi-deponent verbs & Synopses
SEMI-DEPONENT VERBS
Semi-deponent verbs, like deponent verbs, are missing some of their forms. The most common semi-deponent verbs are those which have only active forms in the present system (present, imperfect, and future) and only passive forms in the perfect system (perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect).
You should also know that some irregular verbs such as sum, possum, volo, malo, nolo, and eo are virtually always active--the opposite of regular deponent verbs which only have passive forms. A few other verbs such as memini, odi, and coepi only have perfect system forms, no present, imperfect, or future.
CASE USES
Ablative object of a verb (no preposition in Latin)
Librō ūtēbāris. You were using a book.
Cēnā fructī erant. They had enjoyed dinner.
Ablative of comparison (with comparative adjective or adverb)
Marcus Luciō altior est. Marcus is taller than Lucius.
Cicerō Balbō celerius cucurrit. Cicero ran faster than Balbus.
Ablative of measure/degree of difference
Multō longius Romam quam Athēnās erat. It was much further to Rome than to Athens.
Caesar paulō melior quam Pompeius est. Caesar is a little bit better than Pompey.
Ablative of (specific) price
Quinque denariīs pictūram ēmī. I bought the painting for 5 denarii.
MM sestertiīs casam vendidī. I sold the little house for 2000 sesterces.
Genitive of (indefinite) value
With these verbs meaning hold, consider, estimate, …
habeo, putō, faciō, dūcō, …
Eam magnī, eum parvī habeo. I consider her worth a lot, him worth a little.
Tē maximī aestimās. You value yourself very highly. (…worth very much)
Ablative of origin (related to ablative of separation)
Vir genere vetere est. He is a man of an old family.
Aeneas deā natus est. Aeneas was born of a goddess.
SYNOPSES
Synopses are lists of all the finite (indicative & subjunctive) forms of a verb in a certain person and number, such as all the 1st person singular forms. When I ask you to do synopses, I will often ask for other forms such as infinitives and participles although these forms have no person (i.e. are not 1st, 2nd, or 3rd person).
xxx indicates a form that does not exist for this particular verb.
xxxxxxxx indicates a form that you have not learned yet.
Semi-deponent verbs, like deponent verbs, are missing some of their forms. The most common semi-deponent verbs are those which have only active forms in the present system (present, imperfect, and future) and only passive forms in the perfect system (perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect).
You should also know that some irregular verbs such as sum, possum, volo, malo, nolo, and eo are virtually always active--the opposite of regular deponent verbs which only have passive forms. A few other verbs such as memini, odi, and coepi only have perfect system forms, no present, imperfect, or future.
CASE USES
Ablative object of a verb (no preposition in Latin)
Librō ūtēbāris. You were using a book.
Cēnā fructī erant. They had enjoyed dinner.
Ablative of comparison (with comparative adjective or adverb)
Marcus Luciō altior est. Marcus is taller than Lucius.
Cicerō Balbō celerius cucurrit. Cicero ran faster than Balbus.
Ablative of measure/degree of difference
Multō longius Romam quam Athēnās erat. It was much further to Rome than to Athens.
Caesar paulō melior quam Pompeius est. Caesar is a little bit better than Pompey.
Ablative of (specific) price
Quinque denariīs pictūram ēmī. I bought the painting for 5 denarii.
MM sestertiīs casam vendidī. I sold the little house for 2000 sesterces.
Genitive of (indefinite) value
With these verbs meaning hold, consider, estimate, …
habeo, putō, faciō, dūcō, …
Eam magnī, eum parvī habeo. I consider her worth a lot, him worth a little.
Tē maximī aestimās. You value yourself very highly. (…worth very much)
Ablative of origin (related to ablative of separation)
Vir genere vetere est. He is a man of an old family.
Aeneas deā natus est. Aeneas was born of a goddess.
SYNOPSES
Synopses are lists of all the finite (indicative & subjunctive) forms of a verb in a certain person and number, such as all the 1st person singular forms. When I ask you to do synopses, I will often ask for other forms such as infinitives and participles although these forms have no person (i.e. are not 1st, 2nd, or 3rd person).
xxx indicates a form that does not exist for this particular verb.
xxxxxxxx indicates a form that you have not learned yet.
| T/V/M | fīō 3rd pl. | possum 1st pl. |
| Pres Act Ind | fīunt | possumus |
| Pres Pas Ind | xxx | xxx |
| Impf Act Ind | fīēbant | poterāmus |
| Impf Pas Ind | xxx | xxx |
| Fut Act Ind | fīent | poterimus |
| Fut Pas Ind | xxx | xxx |
| Perf Act Ind | xxx | potuimus |
| Perf Pas Ind | factī sunt | xxx |
| Plpf Act Ind | xxx | potuerāmus |
| Plpf Pas Ind | factī erant | xxx |
| Fpf Act Ind | xxx | potuerimus |
| Fpf Pas Ind | factī erunt | xxx |
| Pres Act Sub | fīant | possīmus |
| Pres Pas Sub | xxx | xxx |
| Impf Act Sub | fierent | possēmus |
| Impf Pas Sub | xxx | xxx |
| Perf Act Sub | xxx | potuerimus |
| Perf Pas Sub | factī sint | xxx |
| Plpf Act Sub | xxx | potuissēmus |
| Plpf Pas Sub | factī essent | xxx |
| Pres Act Inf | xxx | posse |
| Pres Pas Inf | fierī | xxx |
| Perf Act Inf | xxxxxxxx | xxxxxxxx |
| Perf Pas Inf | xxxxxxxx | xxxxxxxx |
| Fut Act Inf | xxxxxxxx | xxxxxxxx |
| Pas Peri Inf | xxxxxxxx | xxxxxxxx |
| Prs Act Part | xxx | potens |
| Pf Pas Part | factus | xxx |
| Fut Act Part | xxx | xxx |
| Fut Pas Part | xxxxxxxx | xxxxxxxx |
Wednesday, March 3, 2010
INDIRECT QUESTIONS, ch. 39
Below I use these verbs for examples:
amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus
mūniō, mūnīre, mūnīvī, mūnītus
I have already introduced the perfect subjunctive forms but here they are again because now you are expected to learn them.
Perfect Active Subjunctive
Formation:
1) 3rd principal part minus the long ī
2) add eri
3) add active endings: m, s, t, mus, tis, nt
*Note: Except for the 1st singular (-erim, instead of -erō) this will look like the future perfect indicative.
All conjugations form this tense the same way. Here are two examples:
amāverim, amāveris, amāverit, amāverimus, amāveritis, amāverint
mīserim, mīseris, mīserit, mīserimus, mīseritis, mīserint
Perfect Passive Subjunctive
Formation:
1) First word is Perfect Passive Participle*.
2) Second word is sim, sīs, sit, sīmus, sītis, or sint (present subjunctive of sum).
*Remember, as always, to change the participle’s gender and number to agree with the subject.
All conjugations form this tense the same way. Here are two examples:
amātus –a –um sim
amātus –a –um sīs
amātus –a –um sit
amātī –ae –a sīmus
amātī –ae –a sītis
amātī –ae –a sint
mūnītus –a –um sim
mūnītus –a –um sīs
mūnītus –a –um sit
mūnītī –ae –a sīmus
mūnītī –ae –a sītis
mūnītī –ae –a sint
INDIRECT QUESTIONS
Indirect questions are questions that have been subordinated or made dependent on a main clause verb such as say, ask, think, etc. In English indirect questions, word order and the person of the verb are often changed. In Latin the verb of the indirect questions becomes subjunctive following sequence of tenses.
Note: If the original Latin question’s verb was future tense, then you should use the future active participle (FAP) with the present (if primary) or the imperfect (if secondary) subjunctive of sum.
Any question word may introduce an indirect question. The usual word used to start a typical yes/no indirect question is num, which does not expect a negative answer as it does when introducing a direct question. Utrum introduces the first part of a series of indirect questions, and an or necne (if negative) introduces the second or later parts of the series.
Direct Questions
Venitne? Is she coming?
Ībisne Romam? Will you go to Rome?
Capiēbāminīne? Were you (pl.) captured?
Utrum vincēmus an non? Will we win or not?
Sequence of Tenses in Indirect Questions
(1st chart by type of subjunctive, 2nd by active translation, 3rd by passive translation)
Indirect Questions after primary main verb
Rogō num veniat (pres. subj. shows same relative time). I am asking whether she is coming.
Rogō num Rōmam ītūrus sīs (fut. act. part. with sīs shows later time). I am asking whether you will (or “are going to”) go to Rome.
Rogō num captī sītis (perf. subj. shows earlier relative time). I am asking whether you were captured.
Rogant utrum victūrī sint* necne. They are asking whether they will win or not.
*Notice change in the person of the verb because of the main verb's subject being the same.
Indirect Questions after secondary main verb
Rogāvit num venīret (impf. subj. shows same relative time). He asked whether she was coming.
Rogāvit num Rōmam ītūrus essēs (fut. act. part. with essēs shows later time). He asked whether you would (or “were going to”) go to Rome.
Rogāvit num captī essētis (plup. subj. shows earlier relative time). He asked whether you had been captured.
Rogāverant utrum victūrī essent* necne. They had asked whether they would win or not.
*Notice change in the person of the verb because of the main verb's subject being the same.
amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus
mūniō, mūnīre, mūnīvī, mūnītus
I have already introduced the perfect subjunctive forms but here they are again because now you are expected to learn them.
Perfect Active Subjunctive
Formation:
1) 3rd principal part minus the long ī
2) add eri
3) add active endings: m, s, t, mus, tis, nt
*Note: Except for the 1st singular (-erim, instead of -erō) this will look like the future perfect indicative.
All conjugations form this tense the same way. Here are two examples:
amāverim, amāveris, amāverit, amāverimus, amāveritis, amāverint
mīserim, mīseris, mīserit, mīserimus, mīseritis, mīserint
Perfect Passive Subjunctive
Formation:
1) First word is Perfect Passive Participle*.
2) Second word is sim, sīs, sit, sīmus, sītis, or sint (present subjunctive of sum).
*Remember, as always, to change the participle’s gender and number to agree with the subject.
All conjugations form this tense the same way. Here are two examples:
amātus –a –um sim
amātus –a –um sīs
amātus –a –um sit
amātī –ae –a sīmus
amātī –ae –a sītis
amātī –ae –a sint
mūnītus –a –um sim
mūnītus –a –um sīs
mūnītus –a –um sit
mūnītī –ae –a sīmus
mūnītī –ae –a sītis
mūnītī –ae –a sint
INDIRECT QUESTIONS
Indirect questions are questions that have been subordinated or made dependent on a main clause verb such as say, ask, think, etc. In English indirect questions, word order and the person of the verb are often changed. In Latin the verb of the indirect questions becomes subjunctive following sequence of tenses.
Note: If the original Latin question’s verb was future tense, then you should use the future active participle (FAP) with the present (if primary) or the imperfect (if secondary) subjunctive of sum.
Any question word may introduce an indirect question. The usual word used to start a typical yes/no indirect question is num, which does not expect a negative answer as it does when introducing a direct question. Utrum introduces the first part of a series of indirect questions, and an or necne (if negative) introduces the second or later parts of the series.
Direct Questions
Venitne? Is she coming?
Ībisne Romam? Will you go to Rome?
Capiēbāminīne? Were you (pl.) captured?
Utrum vincēmus an non? Will we win or not?
Sequence of Tenses in Indirect Questions
(1st chart by type of subjunctive, 2nd by active translation, 3rd by passive translation)
| Sequence | Earlier | Same | Later |
| Primary | perf. | pres. | FAP + sim |
| Secondary | plup. | impf. | FAP + essem |
| Sequence | Earlier | Same | Later |
| Primary | has verbed/verbed | verbs, is verbing | will verb, is going to verb |
| Secondary | had verbed | verbed, was verbing | would verb, was going to verb |
| Sequence | Earlier | Same | Later |
| Primary | has been verbed, was verbed | is (being) verbed | will be verbed, is going to be verbed |
| Secondary | had been verbed | was (being) verbed | would be verbed, was going to be verbed |
Indirect Questions after primary main verb
Rogō num veniat (pres. subj. shows same relative time). I am asking whether she is coming.
Rogō num Rōmam ītūrus sīs (fut. act. part. with sīs shows later time). I am asking whether you will (or “are going to”) go to Rome.
Rogō num captī sītis (perf. subj. shows earlier relative time). I am asking whether you were captured.
Rogant utrum victūrī sint* necne. They are asking whether they will win or not.
*Notice change in the person of the verb because of the main verb's subject being the same.
Indirect Questions after secondary main verb
Rogāvit num venīret (impf. subj. shows same relative time). He asked whether she was coming.
Rogāvit num Rōmam ītūrus essēs (fut. act. part. with essēs shows later time). He asked whether you would (or “were going to”) go to Rome.
Rogāvit num captī essētis (plup. subj. shows earlier relative time). He asked whether you had been captured.
Rogāverant utrum victūrī essent* necne. They had asked whether they would win or not.
*Notice change in the person of the verb because of the main verb's subject being the same.
Monday, March 1, 2010
FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE, ch. 38
Participles are verbal adjectives. Like adjectives they have gender, number, and case; like verbs they have tense and voice. The tense of a participle (or an infinitive) displays relative time.
The Future Active Participle is made from the supine (4th principal part).
Formation:
1) Get 4th principal part (or perfect passive participle from last principal part if deponent).
2) Take off the ending whether –um or –us.
3) Add –ūrus*.
*Note: The –us on the end will decline 1st and 2nd declension like bonus –a –um.
Translation:
about to verb, going to verb
amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus to love, like
1) amātum
2) amāt
3) amātūrus = going to love
moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus to warn, advise
1) monitum
2) monit
3) monitūrus = going to warn
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus to send, throw
1) missum
2) miss
3) missūrus = going to send
cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus to want, desire
1) cupītum
2) cupīt
3) cupītūrus = going to want
mūniō, mūnīre, mūnīvī, mūnītus to build, fortify
1) mūnītum
2) mūnīt
3) mūnītūrus = going to fortify
Example Deponent Verb
loquor, loquī, locūtus sum to speak, talk
1) locūtus (from last principal part)
2) locūt
3) locūtūrus = going to speak
Chart of relative translations for participles (and infinitives)
Type of participle: Translation with Primary Main Verb / Translation with Past Main Verb
Present Active: is verbing / was verbing
Perfect Passive: has been verbed / had been verbed
Future Active: is going to verb / was going to verb
Magistrō docente, discipulī audiunt.
Magistrō docente, discipulī audīvērunt.
Discipulīs doctīs, magister docēre cessat.
Discipulīs doctīs, magister docēre cessāvit.
Magistrō docitūrō, discipulī audiunt.
Magistrō docitūrō, discipulī audīvērunt.
The Future Active Participle is made from the supine (4th principal part).
Formation:
1) Get 4th principal part (or perfect passive participle from last principal part if deponent).
2) Take off the ending whether –um or –us.
3) Add –ūrus*.
*Note: The –us on the end will decline 1st and 2nd declension like bonus –a –um.
Translation:
about to verb, going to verb
amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus to love, like
1) amātum
2) amāt
3) amātūrus = going to love
moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus to warn, advise
1) monitum
2) monit
3) monitūrus = going to warn
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus to send, throw
1) missum
2) miss
3) missūrus = going to send
cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus to want, desire
1) cupītum
2) cupīt
3) cupītūrus = going to want
mūniō, mūnīre, mūnīvī, mūnītus to build, fortify
1) mūnītum
2) mūnīt
3) mūnītūrus = going to fortify
Example Deponent Verb
loquor, loquī, locūtus sum to speak, talk
1) locūtus (from last principal part)
2) locūt
3) locūtūrus = going to speak
Chart of relative translations for participles (and infinitives)
Type of participle: Translation with Primary Main Verb / Translation with Past Main Verb
Present Active: is verbing / was verbing
Perfect Passive: has been verbed / had been verbed
Future Active: is going to verb / was going to verb
Magistrō docente, discipulī audiunt.
Magistrō docente, discipulī audīvērunt.
Discipulīs doctīs, magister docēre cessat.
Discipulīs doctīs, magister docēre cessāvit.
Magistrō docitūrō, discipulī audiunt.
Magistrō docitūrō, discipulī audīvērunt.
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