More Subjunctives, Ch. 35

VERBS USED IN EXAMPLE FORMS BELOW

amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus to love, like
moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus to warn, advise
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus to send, throw
cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus to want, desire
mūniō, mūnīre, mūnīvī, mūnītus to build, fortify

PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE

Your book does not include perfect subjunctive in this chapter (35) but I will go ahead and introduce it in order to complete the system. Subjunctive only has four tenses: present, imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect. There are no future or future perfect subjunctive forms.

Perfect and pluperfect subjunctive are, of course, in the perfect system, and so they use the 3rd principal part to form the active voice.

Perfect Active Subjunctive
Formation:
1) 3rd principal part minus the long ī
2) add eri
3) add active endings: m, s, t, mus, tis, nt
*Note: Except for the 1st singular (-erim, instead of -erō) this will look like the future perfect indicative.

All conjugations form this tense the same way. Here are two examples:
amāverim, amāveris, amāverit, amāverimus, amāveritis, amāverint
mīserim, mīseris, mīserit, mīserimus, mīseritis, mīserint

Pluperfect Active Subjunctive
Formation:
1) 3rd principal part minus the long ī
2) add issē
3) add active endings: m, s, t, mus, tis, nt

All conjugations form this tense the same way. Here are two examples:
monuissem, monuissēs, monuisset, monuissēmus, monuissētis, monuissent
mūnīvissem, mūnīvissēs, mūnīvisset, mūnīvissēmus, mūnīvissētis, mūnīvissent

PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVES

The present system (i.e. present and imperfect) passive subjunctives are made the same as the active but with the passive endings r, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur instead of m, s, t, mus, tis, nt.
The perfect system (perfect and pluperfect) passive subjunctives are two word forms, as in the indicative, formed by adding subjunctive forms of the being verb (sum, esse) to the perfect passive participle.

Present Passive Subjunctive (stem vowels from “Let’s beat a giant friar!”)
1st: amer*, amēris, amētur, amēmur, amēminī, amentur*
2nd: monear*, moneāris, moneātur, moneāmur, moneāminī, moneantur*
3rd: mittar*, mittāris, mittātur, mittāmur, mittāminī, mittantur
3rd io: cupiar*, cupiāris, cupiātur, cupiāmur, cupiāminī, cupiantur*
4th: mūniar*, mūniāris, mūniātur, mūniāmur, mūniāminī, mūniantur*
*vowel shortened

Imperfect Passive Subjunctive (2nd principal part + ending)
1st: amārer*, amārēris, amārētur, amārēmur, amārēminī, amārentur*
2nd: monērer*, monērēris, monērētur, monērēmur, monērēminī, monērentur*
3rd: mitterer*, mitterēris, mitterētur, mitterēmur, mitterēminī, mitterentur
3rd io: cuperer*, cuperēris, cuperētur, cuperēmur, cuperēminī, cuperentur*
4th: mūnīrer*, mūnīrēris, mūnīrētur, mūnīrēmur, mūnīrēminī, mūnīrentur*

Perfect Passive Subjunctive
Formation:
1) First word is Perfect Passive Participle*.
2) Second word is sim, sīs, sit, sīmus, sītis, or sint (present subjunctive of sum).
*Remember, as always, to change the participle’s gender and number to agree with the subject.

All conjugations form this tense the same way. Here are two examples:
amātus –a –um sim
amātus –a –um sīs
amātus –a –um sit
amātī –ae –a sīmus
amātī –ae –a sītis
amātī –ae –a sint

mūnītus –a –um sim
mūnītus –a –um sīs
mūnītus –a –um sit
mūnītī –ae –a sīmus
mūnītī –ae –a sītis
mūnītī –ae –a sint

Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive
Formation:
1) First word is Perfect Passive Participle*.
2) Second word is essem, essēs, esset, essēmus, essētis, essent (imperfect subjunctive of sum).
*Remember, as always, to change the participle’s gender and number to agree with the subject.

All conjugations form this tense the same way. Here are two examples:
monitus –a –um essem
monitus –a –um essēs
monitus –a –um esset
monitī –ae –a essēmus
monitī –ae –a essētis
monitī –ae –a essent

missus –a –um essem
missus –a –um essēs
missus –a –um esset
missī –ae –a essēmus
missī –ae –a essētis
missī –ae –a essent

INDIRECT COMMANDS

Indirect commands occur with many verbs of asking, ordering, advising, persuading, etc.

In Latin clauses of indirect command start with ut or nē (if negative) and have a subjunctive verb that is almost always present (in primary sequence) or imperfect (in secondary sequence) tense. However, iubeō (bid, order) and vetō (forbid, order…not) take an infinitive instead of a clause of indirect command—thus iubeō = imperō ut and vetō = imperō nē.

Unlike purpose clauses which answer the question “for what purpose?”—an indirect command clause tells simply “what” is being ordered or advised.

Examples:
Nōs monuit ut canerēmus.
He advised/warned us to sing. / He advised us that we (should) sing.
Vōbīs persuadēbunt nē eātis.
They will persuade you not to go. / They will persuade you that you (should) not go.

Imperāvit mihi ut discēderem.
He ordered me to leave. / He ordered that I (should) leave.
Imperat tibi nē maneās.
He is ordering you not to stay.

Note in the last two examples that the same meaning can be accomplished with iubeō or vetō and an infintive.
Iussit mē discēdere. = He ordered me to leave.
Vetat tē manēre. = He is ordering you not to stay.

CUM CLAUSES

Cum clauses are of several types. Cum with the indicative mood should usually be translated as “when” or “whenever” (occasionally with perfect system tenses), and such cum clauses are often called Temporal because they refer to time. Three types of cum clauses that use subjunctive are:

1) Circumstantial: Still translated with “when” but indicates that the connection between clauses is more than just temporal—it is circumstantial or situational, i.e. there is a meaningful relationship between the event in the cum clause and the event in the main clause.

2) Causal: Translated with “since” or “because.” Cum causal clauses tell the reason or cause for the main clause.

3) Concessive (Adversative): Translated with “although.” Cum concessive clauses tell a contrary fact in spite of which the main clause nevertheless occurs. The main clause in Latin may have a word like tamen (nevertheless, still) or nihilominus (nonetheless).

Note: The subjunctive in these clauses will follow the sequence of tenses. Cum circumstantial will typically only use subjunctive verbs in secondary tenses.

Sequence of Tenses

If main clause verb is primary (refers to present or future, not to past),
then the subjunctive verb is…
present if it shows the same or later time than the main verb.
perfect if it shows earlier time than the main verb.
If main clause verb is secondary (refers to past time),
then the subjunctive verb is…
imperfect if it shows the same or later time than the main verb.
pluperfect if it shows earlier time than the main verb.

EXAMPLES:

Hōc cum ita sit*, discēdam. *pres. subj. = same time as primary main verb
Since this is so, I will leave. (causal)

Cum malus esset*, tamen eum non ōderam. *impf. subj. = same time as secondary main verb
Although he was bad, still I did not hate him. (concessive)

Cum id fēcisset*, illum laudāvimus. * plup. subj. = earlier time than secondary main verb
When he had done it, we praised him. (circumstantial)

SOME EXAMPLES OF PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVES

Utinam nē caperēmur*! (I wish) that we were not being captured!
*imperfect pass. subj. in optative main clause

Discēdit nē capiātur*. He is leaving so that he may not be caught/captured.
*pres. pass. subj. in purpose clause

Persuasērunt mihi ut pons aedificārētur*. They persuaded me that the bridge should be built.
*impf. pass. subj. in indirect command clause

Cum moenia urbis fracta essent*, populī tamen virtūs nōn fracta est. Although the walls of the city had been broken, nevertheless, the people’s courage was not broken.
*plup. pass. subj. in cum concessive clause

Cum bellum ita gessum sit*, hostēs certē vincēmus. Since the war has been waged thus, we will surely conquer the enemy.
*perf. pass. subj. in cum causal clause