PERFECT SYSTEM PASSIVES, ch. 31

We talk about present system and perfect system in Latin because present system verbs (present, imperfect, future) are made from the first 2 principal parts, while perfect system verbs (perfect, pluperfect, future perfect) are made from the last 2 principal parts.

The perfect active system which you already know is formed from the 3rd principal minus the ī and plus the endings. For perfect (also called present perfect), you use ī, istī, it, imus, istis, ērunt; for pluperfect (also called past perfect), you use eram, erās, erat, erāmus, erātis, erant; for future perfect, you use erō, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erint.

The new PERFECT PASSIVE SYSTEM uses the 4th principal part (also known as the perfect passive participle) with a separate form of sum. The 4th principal part or perfect passive participle will agree in gender, number and case (nominative) with the subject of the clause.

Perfect Passive Indicative

Translation: has/have been verbed, was/were verbed

English examples: He has been loved. or He was loved.
The girls were praised. or The girls have been praised.
Latin: Amātus est. Puellae laudatae sunt.

Form: 4th principal part (agreeing with subject) + present tense of sum

Forms of ...has/have been led
ductus, -a, -um sum
ductus, -a, -um es
ductus, -a, -um est
ductī, -ae, -a sumus
ductī, -ae, -a estis
ductī, -ae, -a sunt

Pluperfect Passive Indicative

Translation: had been verbed

English examples: He had been loved. The girls had been praised.
Latin: Amātus erat. Puellae laudatae erant.

Form: 4th principal part (agreeing with subject) + imperfect tense of sum

Forms of ...had been led
ductus, -a, -um eram
ductus, -a, -um erās
ductus, -a, -um erat
ductī, -ae, -a erāmus
ductī, -ae, -a erātis
ductī, -ae, -a erant

Future Perfect Passive Indicative

Translation: will have been verbed

English examples: He will have been loved. The girls will have been praised.
Latin: Amātus erit. Puellae laudatae erunt.

Form: 4th principal part (agreeing with subject) + future tense of sum

Forms of ...will have been led
ductus, -a, -um erō
ductus, -a, -um eris
ductus, -a, -um erit
ductī, -ae, -a erimus
ductī, -ae, -a eritis
ductī, -ae, -a erunt

SENTENCE EXAMPLES:
Notice how each participle agrees in gender, number, and case with the subject.

Dōna ā rege data erant.
The gifts had been given by the king.

Lībertās ab omnibus laudāta est.
Freedom was praised (or “has been praised”) by everyone.

Iuvenēs ā magistrō doctī erunt.
The young men will have been taught (one day in the future) by the teacher.