53 & 54

RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH SUBJUNCTIVES

Most relative clauses have indicative verbs. However, there are several reasons the verb in a relative clause may be subjunctive instead.

1) Attraction or sub-oblique subjunctive- sometimes a verb in a relative clause or other subordinate clause seems to be subjunctive only because it is inside of (subordinate to) an indirect statement or a subordinate clause with a subjunctive verb.
I know that the man whom you see is not good.
Scio virum quem videas non bonum esse.

2) Relative clause of CHARACTERISTIC. These kinds of relative clauses are generalizing and describe a kind of person or thing rather than a specific one. Thus, as many generalizing clauses, they take subjunctive verbs. Often these are found in sentences like: There are some who… /There was no one whom… / Was there anyone whose…?
There is no one who would help. / ..to help.
Nemo est qui adiuvet.
Is there anyone whom we should/may call? / …to call?
Estne quem vocemus?

3) Relative clauses with subjunctive may fill in for other subjunctive clauses, for example, result or purpose clauses. Often these categories will clearly overlap with the Realtive Clause of Characteristic.
The most common of these is perhaps relative clauses of purpose. For these the relative pronoun will almost always refer back to the main clause subject or object. When translating, you will typically need to insert an appropriate personal or demonstrative pronoun of the same case as the relative into the purpose clause.
Milites misit qui cum hostibus pugnarent. (qui replaces normal ut and refers back to milites)
He sent soldiers so that they (nom. like qui) might fight with the enemy. / …to fight with the enemy.
Currunt quos dux laudet. (quos replaces ut and refers back to the plural subject
They are running so that the general will/may praise them (acc. like quos).

DATIVES
The dative of interest includes most datives of persons (or other sentient beings). However, it is useful to know some of the common subcategories. For example, the dative of agent that we saw recently with passive periphrastic. The other common dative of interest is the dative of possession.

Of Possession

Appears with the being verb, the dative is the possessor.
Translate dative as subject with has/have as verb in same tense as being verb and with original subject as English object.
Liber mihi est. I have a book.
Multae domus Caesari erant.
Caesar had many houses.

A common dative that is used for things (or more often ideas/verbal concepts) is the dative of purpose or predicative dative. It is often used with a dative of interest so that two dative appear close together. The dative of purpose shows what the subject of the clause acts as or serves as. It can be translated with the phrase “as a source/cause of…” or by turning the dative noun into an adjective.

Of Purpose
auxilio venit.
He came to help. / He came as a source of help. / …to be helpful.
Saluti cibus erat.
The food was a source of salvation. / ..was a cause of safety/health. / …was life-saving.

Double Dative
Caesar omnibus spei erat.
Caesar was a source of hope for everyone.
Mons mihi odio est.
The mountain is a source of hatred for me. / I have a hatred for the mountain.

Ch. 50-52 Vocabulary Sentences

Here are some sentences with perfect grammar and good word order. More will come when I receive everyone else's on Wednesday.

GERUNDS

Nick Hubner
Celebrando sacrificium apparemus prisci. ("Sacrificio celebrando" would be preferable in most Latin authors, but this is good Latin too.)

Eliza Liu
voluptatem dolendi celebrat.

Andrew Coons
dolendo sumus magni.


GERUNDIVES


GERUNDIVES IN PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC

Andrew Coons
doctrina sapiens est ornanda omni modo.
nonnumquam plausus est accipiendus.

James Dormer
preces parandae sunt.

Alyssa Walker
quisquis supremus est audiendus (est).
aureum initium defendendum erat.

Hanna Bertoldi
Plausus ter audiendus erat.
praeceptum sapiens mirandum est.
modus priscus desiderandus (est).

E Howser
sacrificium apparendum (est).
amandus sum.

Anthony Wishard
Miranda est.

Morgan Burgess
Preces dicendae sunt.
Plausus mirandus est.


OTHER

Andrew Coons
scribam modestum desideravit.

James Dormer
illud bonum praeceptum est.
praesentem noctem desidero. (I don't get this one, but the grammar is fine.)

Matt Naiman
omni modo vir sanctus sapiens est.
aureum initium erit.

Alyssa Walker
sanctus vir fuit sapiens.
mollem aram orno.
maestam scribam miror.

E Howser
tutum praeceptum do.
nonnumquam doleo.
voluptas suprema (est).
canis mollis (est).

Clay Clements
Plausus est supremus.
Vir est omni modo sanctus.
Vir est maestus./ Vir est modestus./ Vir est praesens.

Eliza Liu
praeceptum sapiens miror.
Quintus tutus domum recessit.
nonnumquam preces similes sunt.
religio suprema est.
ter plausus eam delectavit.

Olivia Hill
omnes milites miratus sum.

Anthony Wishard
scribam requiram.
maestus est.
modestus es.
praesens sum.
praeceptum requiro.
supremam doctrinam cupio.
aureum initium cupio.

Graham Gibson
Opus est mihi solacio quod doleo.
Auxilium praeceptumque rogo.
sacrificium in aurea ara erat.

Kyle Rhoads
Tuam modestam uxorem miror.
Semel dolui, sed vir nunc sum.
Solacium supremum nonnumquam sapiens religio est.
Vitam omni modo celebro.

Joe Strawitz
maestum scribam desidero.

Perfect ch. 49 Vocabulary Sentences

RESULTS ARE IN

Historical:
1. Augustus rempublicam restituit et novum saeculum fecit. -Kyle Rhoads
2. None even close...

Dynamic:
1. Quis cupit me occidere? -Matt Naiman
2. 1 vote behind: hostibus cessit quasi imbecillus. -Andrew Coons

Humorous:
1. Quasi... -Matt Naiman
2. 2 tied for 2nd place with 1 vote less:
a. Ultra puellam foedam moecha pulchra est, ecce. -Matt Naiman
b. me taedet scholae. -E Howser

Most Latin:
1. Exsilii me taedet. -Kyle Rhoads
2. None even close...

Wisest:
1. Vivit quasi cras moriturus est. -Eliza Liu
2. None even close...


Great sentences everyone. We have history, action, humor, and obscenity.

For extra credit on your quiz grades, you may pick your favorite in each of the following categories and then translate them:

1) most historical
2) most dynamic, action oriented
3) most humorous
4) most Latin (i.e. most unlike English idiom)
5) wisest, most philosophical

Andrew Coons
consensus gentem barbaram confirmavit.
provinciam veterem restituit.
hostibus cessit quasi imbecillus erat.

Kyle Rhoads
Exsilii me taedet.
Universos ultra provincias delebo.
Quid te iuvat?
Augustus rempublicam restituit et novum saeculum fecit.
Clamaverunt quasi essent in periculo.

Matt Naiman
tibi cedo.
Senatui placet aurum saeculum adesse.
Quis cupit me occidere?
Quasi… (Valley girl lingo)
Ultra puellam foedam moecha pulchra est, ecce.

Elizabeth Harkinson
spem saeculi restituo.
mihi accidit ut discedamus.

James Dormer
Universas provincias restituit.
me iuvat assequi.

Nick Hubner
Quis saeculum delevit?
me oportet restituere validum consensum.
Quasi periculo adiecit…

Joe Strawitz
mihi placet consensum assequi.

Morgan Burgess
se oportet pacem provinciae restituere.
me taedet gentis barbarae.

Lauren Bejzak
iuvat me amicas assequi.
vobis licuit urbem evertere.
quis domum rediit?
hoc saeculum validum est.

Eliza Liu
me oportet eam confirmare.
mihi licuit puero valido minari.
vivit quasi cras moriturus est.
avis ultra nubes volat.

Anthony Wishard.
provinciam confirmo.
gentem deleo.
meum somnum restituo.
milites exercitui adicio.
linquere minor.
consensum assequor.
linquere me iuvat./linquere mihi licet./linquere me oportet./linquere mihi placet.
eius me taedet.
mihi accidit ut linquam.
quid facis, Quinte?
ultra ianuam eo.

Olivia Hill
non cedebant sed mox Quintus consensum confirmabat.
me iuvat canere.

Clay Clements
quasi mihi accidit…

Hanna Bertoldi
tui me taedet.
se iuvat gentem assequi.
viro valido licet provinciam restituere.
me oportet consensum magnopere confirmare.

E Howser
me taedet scholae.

PERFECT FEAR CLAUSES

Here are the top 3 from your rankings.

1. Mike Weil
Timebant silvam intrare.

2. Kyle Rhoads
Vereor ut eam videam.

3. Hanna Bertoldi
Timeo ne hostes nos occidant.

There were many very creative sentences this time. Congrats to all!

Fear Clauses proper require ne (positive) or ut (negative) + subjunctive following the sequence of tenses. However, since I did not specify clearly, I have also included correctly constructed object infinitive clauses with verbs of fear.

Primary Sequence Fear Clauses
(present subjunctive shows later time, perfect shows earlier time than main verb)

Morgan Burgess
Vereor ne cadam.

Lauren Bejzak
Horatia timet ne non iuveni nubat.

Matt Naiman
timeo ne flava et candida puella me capiat.

Alyssa Walker
timet ne magister irascatur.

Hanna Bertoldi
Timeo ne hostes nos occidant.
Timeo ut veniat.

Kyle Rhoads
Vereor ut eam videam.

Secondary Sequence
(imperfect subjunctive shows later time, pluperfect shows earlier time than main verb)

Anothy Wishard
Ego verebar ne moreretur.
Verebatur ne non discederet.

Eliza Liu
Quintus timebat ne canis cenam raperet.
Caesar verebatur ne mortem obiret. (great use of idiom)

Joe Strawitz
Qunitus timebat ne Scintilla cenam non paravisset. (pluperfect shows earlier time)

Lauren Bejzak
timebatis ne canes insulam regeret. (humorous)

Graham Gibson
Quintus timebat ne veterem amicam puellam in foro videret. (the longest)

Kyle Rhoads
Timebamus ne Quintus uxorem puniret.

Object Infinitive Clauses with Verbs of Fear
(technically the infinitive clause is the verb's direct object)

*Note the subject of the infinitive is the same as main verb's subject.

E Howser
timebamus hostem pugnare*.

Mike Weil
Timebant silvam intrare*.

Ch. 50 & 51

GERUNDS AND GERUNDIVES

The English equivalent of a Latin gerund is the verbal noun in -ing. E.g. Running* is fun. *verbal noun as subject

The gerund is a verbal noun made from the neuter singular forms of the gerundive. It has no nominative, and it is never used as a subject, a direct object, or a complement to an intransitive verb that takes an infinitive (like possum or soleo).
Examples: amandi (gen.), amando (dat.), amandum (acc.), amando (abl.)

In English we can sometimes use infinitives (to see) and gerunds (seeing) interchangeably.
To see is to believe./Seeing is believing.

Latin is more particular. Infinitives are reserved for subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, and verb complements.

Examples:
To see is to believe.
Videre (subject) est credere (predicate nominative).
He dared to come.
Venire (direct object) audebat.
We are able to leave.
Possumus discedere (verbal complement).

Gerunds may be used as an objective genitive or genitive complement to a noun or adjective. They are often found with a following causa or gratia (for the sake/purpose of) to show purpose.

Examples:
desirous of loving
cupidus amandi
opportunity for leaving
occasio/facultas discedendi
time for coming
tempus veniendi
to help/for the sake of helping
adiuvandi causa/gratia

They may be dative as the dative complement to a verb or other word (some adjectives take dative). These are often akin to a dative of purpose (for/for the purpose of).

Examples:
suitable for fighting
aptus/idoneus pugnando
He is eager to go.
Studet eundo.

In accusative gerunds are typically the object of ad or occasionally in. They usually show purpose and can be used in many of the same ways as ad + accusative gerund.

Examples:
He sent them to help.
Eos ad adiuvandum misit.
The book is suitable for reading.
Liber est idoneus ad legendum.

In ablative, a gerund may be used as an ablative of means/instrument (or perhaps ablative of cause) without a preposition or sometimes with in or de + ablative.

Examples:
They destroyed the city by burning (it).
Incendendo urbem deleverunt.
We talked about leaving.
De discedendo loquebamur.

GERUNDIVES

Gerundives have the same stem as gerunds but are 1st and 2nd declension adjectives with all their forms just as bonus -a -um. Technically gerundives are the future passive participle, but we often do not see this in translation.

Gerundives are often used in place of gerunds when a gerund would have an accusative direct object, but keep the gerund with verbs that are intransitive or take other cases (e.g. Kevin's "amor pugnandi cum ursis", "love of fighting with bears" because pugno is intrasitive). The gerundive, when used in place of a gerund and direct object, is usually translated in English by a gerund (verbing) or infinitive (to verb).
In Latin the noun and the gerundive go into the same gender, number, and case--the case being subject to the function in the sentence just as with a gerund. Note that the case comes from the function but the gender and number come from the noun; the gerundive just agrees.

Examples:
He came to see you all.
Ad vos videndos venit.
He fought for the sake of saving his country.
Patriae servandae gratia pugnavit.
The pen/quill is suitable for writing books.
Idonea penna ad libros scribendos (or "libris scribendis") est.
By defeating the enemy we have acquired freedom.
Hostibus vincendis libertate potiti sumus.

Beware that you should not use a gerundive however, if it would agree with a neuter pronoun in the genitive, dative, or ablative case when the gender would be ambiguous.

It is suitable for helping those things (things/not people).
Ambiguous, Bad Latin: Idoneum est adiuvandis eis*. *could be masc. or neuter
Good Latin 1: Idoneum est ad ea adiuvanda. {Gerundive avoids ambiguous case.
Good Latin 2: Idoneum est ea adiuvando. {Gerund with accusative pl. neuter object.

The Romans, and especially Caesar, also often avoided the jingling two syllable rhyme of phrases like "eORUM videndORUM causa" and "puellARUM puniendARUM occasio" by substituting a gerund with accusative object, "eos videndi causa" and "puellas puniendi occasio".

Genitives of personal pronouns used with gerundives must be the objective forms: mei, tui, sui, nostri (not nostrum which is for partive genitive), vestri (not vestrum which is for partive genitive).

A noun and gerund may be the object of a verb that means to manage or undertake an action. Curo, curare is the verb most often used this way.

Examples:
I see to it that the fort is built. ...that the fort be built.
Castrum aedificandum curo.
He managed to have the town destroyed. ...that the town be destroyed.
Oppidum delendum curavit.
They will undertake to defeat us. ...that we be defeated.
Suscipient nos vincendos.

PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC

The gerundive may be used with a form of sum to show obligation or necessity.

Examples:
Pecunia paranda est. Money has to be gotten/prepared. / Someone must get/prepare money.
Liber erat legendus. The book had to be read. / Someone had to read the book.
Milites mihi* monendi erunt. The soldiers will have to be warned by me. / I will have to warn the soldiers.
*Unlike most passive forms the passive periphrastic takes a dative of agent with no preposition instead of a/ab + ablative (ablative of agent).

END OF CHAPTER 47 STORY

You were supposed to translate the following into Latin and then add an additional Latin sentence as an ending.

Story:

Whenever he left, we were always sad until he returned. As long as he* was away, we could not sleep. For without him* we were afraid, since we did not know what we should do. Therefore, we waited until we should receive new orders. While we were waiting, a messenger suddenly approached.

Translation:

Cum discesserat, semper erāmus maestī dum rediit. Dum aberat, poterāmus dormīre. Quō enim absente (or “nam sine quō”), timēbāmus, cum nescīrēmus quid faceremus. Igitur manēbāmus dum imperia nova acciperēmus. Dum manēmus, nuntius subitō accessit.

My example ending:
Then he was about to speak, when out of the blue he fell down showing a sword in his back.
Tum dictūrus erat, cum de improvīsō cecidit gladium in tergo (suō) praebens.


Other Endings with Perfect Grammar

Hanna Bertoldi
Roma litterae erant.

Anthony Wishard
Subito nuntius mortuus est.

Alyssa Walker
Nuntium diligenter audivimus.

E Howser
Epistulam dedit.

Kyle Rhoads (I have to admit this one seems like a non sequitur. I don't see the connection to the story.)
Itaque Quintus punivit uxorem.

ch. 48

Fear Clauses

Fear clauses occur with main verbs and expressions such as vereor, timeo, metuo, or timor erat. They use subjunctive verbs in Latin and are introduced by ne (positive) or ut (negative). The subjunctive follows sequence of tenses; thus it will usually be present subjunctive in primary sequence and imperfect subjunctive in secondary sequence.

They use ne for for positive fear clauses because it is actually like a wish for the feared outcome not to happen. Similarly negative fear clauses may be introduced by ut because they are actually like a wish for something to happen, when it is feared it won't.

Examples:
Timebat ne Caesar ad se* veniret. (positive fear with ne)
He/She feared that Caesar would come to him/her. / ...lest Caesar should come to him/her.

*Notice in fear clause the reflexive sui, sibi, se, se refers back to the original subject as in purpose and indirect commands, unlike in results where a demonstrative pronoun (e.g. is, ea, id) would be used to refer to the main clause subject.

Timuerunt ne discederes.
They feared that you would leave. / ...lest you should leave.

Vereor ut Caesar veniat. (negative fear with ut)
I am afraid that Caesar will not come. / ...lest Caesar not come.

Vereberis ut discedam.
You will be afraid that I will not leave. / ...lest I not leave.

Note that verbs of fear and hesitation (e.g. dubitare) may also take object infinitive clauses in certain contexts. Consider the difference in the following:

Timemus discedere. We are afraid to leave.
(object infinitive, subject same as main verb)

Timemus ne discedat. We are afraid that he will/may depart.
(regular positive fear clause, subject different)

Timemus ne nimis celeriter discedamus. We are afraid that we will/may leave too quickly.
(regular positive fear clause with same subject as main verb.)

ch. 49

IMPERSONAL VERBS

Impersonal verbs are so called because they do not have a personal subjective in the nominative case. What is conceptually the subject will actually be in some other case in Latin.
Verbs of Feeling with a genitive of the object of feeling and accusative of the subject.
miseret: +acc. of subject and +gen. of object.
Translate: (acc.) feels sorry/pity for (gen.).
Note: The literal translation (which is awkward and misleading in English) is: "It makes (acc.) feel sorry for (gen.)"

NOTE: If a pronoun is the genitive object, you must use the objective genitive forms: mei, tui, sui, nostri, or vestri.
Example:
Te mei miseret.
Literally: It makes you feel sorry for me.
Good English: You feel sorry/pity for me.
Me tui miseruit.
Literally: It made me feel sorry for you.
Good English: I felt sorry/pity for you.

Other verbs that work the same way are listed below. These verbs are all 2nd conjugation so the imperfect is -ebat, the perfect -uit (except taedet has pertaesum est), and the future is -ebit.

paenitet - (acc.) feels sorry/repentant for (gen.)
piget - (acc.) feels peeved/annoyed/irked/upset about/at (gen.)
pudet - (acc.) feels ashamed about (gen.)
taedet- (acc.) feels tired/bored about/of (gen.)

Examples:
Paenitet eos erroris.
They are sorry (repentant) about the mistake.
Mox taedebit Caesarem pugnandi.
Caesar will soon be tired of fighting.
Pudebat me filiae.
I was ashamed of my daughter.
Piget hunc virum nostri.
This man is peeved/annoyed with us.

Impersonals that tend to take an infinitive.

Some take accusative subject and infinitive verb.
oportet - (acc.) ought to (inf.), it is (acc.)'s duty to (inf.)
decet- it befits (acc.) to (inf.), it is proper for (acc.) to (inf.)
I ought to leave. It is my duty to leave.
me discedere oportet.
It will befit him to win. It will be proper for him to win.
Decebit eum vincere.

Some take dative of interest for the person involved.
libet- it pleases (dat.) to (inf.), (dat.) likes (inf.)
licet- it is permitted or allowed for (dat.) to (inf.), (dat.) may (inf.)
It pleased us to build the city. We liked to build the city.
Libuit (or "libitum est") nobis urbem aedificare.
It is permitted for you all to go. You all may go.
Licet vobis ire.

Verbs often used as impersonals.

iuvat: It pleases (acc.) to (inf.)
It pleases us to come. Nos venire iuvat.
placet: It pleases/is pleasing for (dat.) to (inf.); (dat.) decides to (inf.)
It was pleasing for me to sail. I decided to sail.
Navigare mihi placuit.
videtur: It seems good/best to (dat.) to (inf.); (dat.) decides to (inf.)
It seems best to him to stay. He decides to stay.
Manere ei videtur.

Many of the above impersonals may sometimes take an ut clause instead of acc./dat and inf.

Examples:
Iuvat ut adsis.
It is pleasing that you are here.
Placuit ut Catilina hostis rei publicae esset.
It was decided that Catiline was an enemy of the state.

These ut clauses are typically called substantive result clauses and they also occur with verbs that mean happen.
Accidit ut vincat. It happens that he is winning.
Factum est ut adesset. It happened that he was present.

Impersonal Passives of Intransitive Verbs

Intransitive verbs can only be impersonal if used in the passive voice.

Examples:

Pugnatum est totum diem. It was fought (i.e. People/soldiers fought) all day.

Ignotum mihi est. It was forgiven to me. (literal) / I was forgiven. (good English)

Puellae imperabitur ut discedat. It will be ordered to the girl that she leave. (literal) / The girl will be ordered to leave (good English)

Ch. 47

Inverse Cum Clause

Sometimes a cum clause with an indicative verb occurs at the end of a sentence. This is called an inverse cum clause. Most commonly the cum clause will have a perfect or present tense verb, and it typically shows a surprising and important bit of information. Sometimes a word like subito (unexpectedly) will occur in the cum clause.

Caesar in oppidum veniēbat cum (subito) Gallus occurrit*.

Caesar was coming into the town when (suddenly) a Gaul ran towards him.

Cum “whenever”

Cum clauses with indicative verbs of the perfect system, most commonly pluperfect, sometimes are used in a generalizing way just like the general conditions that you learned which also use indicative verbs. The main clause in such a sentence may have a word like saepe (often) or semper (always) to indicate the generality/frequency of the situation.

Cum vēnerat, eum (semper) salutābant.

Whenever he came, they always used to greet him.

Cum discessit, (saepe) gaudent.

Whenever he leaves, they (often) rejoice.

Cum vicerint, (semper) memorābunt quod dixi.

Whenever they win, they will (always) recall what I said.

Dum (donec, quoad) Clauses

The word dum + present indicative, even when the main verb is past, means “while”—this is usually the first clause of a sentence.

Then, while the water level (i.e. height/depth of the water) was still increasing, I saw him stumble.

Tum, dum altitudo aquae iam crescit, eum prolabi vidi.

Dum + indicative (present and other tenses too) means “as long as.” This is also found usually as the first clause. The main difference is that dum + present will show time within which something happens; dum + other tenses will show the total duration of time something occurred.

But, as long as I was waiting, the water kept rising higher.

Sed, dum expectabam, altior aqua surgebat.

Dum at the end of a sentence usually means until. It may take indicative or subjunctive, but the subjunctive is preferred if intention or purpose is involved.

I wanted to stay until he arrived (i.e. until he should arrive). Shows intention so subjunctive.

Manere volebam dum adveniret.

Meanwhile he was running as fast as he could (i.e. as quickly as possible) until he became too tired.

Interea quam celerrime currebat dum nimis defessus (or “defessior”) factus est.

Meanwhile he walked till he could walk no more.
Interea ambulabat dum non iam potuit.

Connecting relative

Sometimes where we would use a personal pronoun or a demonstrative (this, that), Latin uses a relative pronoun (qui, quae, quod) at the beginning of a sentence.

Tempestas erat. Quod cum ita esset, nautae timēbant.

There was a storm. Since this was so, the sailors were frightened.

Caesar uxorī imperābat ut discederet. Quae cum nollet, ibi manēbat.
Caesar ordered his wife to leave. Since she (this woman) was unwilling (to leave), she stayed there.

RESULT SENTENCES

The survey results are in:

The favorite sentences are:

1. Marcus adeo edit ut ambulare non posset. (E Howser)

2. tam laeta est ut domire non possit. (Eliza Liu)

3. Three way tie:
Cibus tam bonus erat ut omnia ederim. (Anthony Wishard)
tot hostes aderant ut Marcus pugnare non posset. (Nick Hubner)
Scintilla cenam ita paravit ut omnes eam laudarent. (Lauren Bejzak)

Congrats to all for some clever sentences.


***********************
I have copied all the perfect result clause sentences below. I divided them according to the tense of the subjunctive in order to show what the subjunctive tenses indicate.

Note that the result clauses actually begin with the ut. Ne is never used for result clauses only purpose clauses, indirect commands, and some others we haven't learned yet (fear and prevention). Negative result clause start with ut and have non or another negative somewhere in the clause.

There is often a sign post word in the main clause that indicates the presence of a subordinate result clause. Some such sign post words are: sic, ita, adeo, tam, tot, tantus, and talis, they tend to mean "so" or "such".

EXAMPLES (sign post word in bold, result clause in italics)

Ita currebat ut ad terminum viae primus adveniret.
He was running in such a way that he arrived at the end of the road first.
Tantus Caesar est ut nemo se ei opponat.
Caesar is so great that no one opposes themselves to him.

Result clauses may violate the sequence of tenses by using a present or perfect subjunctive in secondary sequence (after a past tense main verb) to emphasize that a result actually occurred.

PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
(often used after past main verb to show an actual perfect tense result)

Joe Strawitz
Tam laeta eram ut riserim.


Andrew Coons
ita dixit ut omnes fleverint.

Anthony Wishard
Iter tam parvum erat ut uno die advenerim.
Cibus tam bonus erat ut omnia ederim.


PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
(used mostly after primary main verbs, always shows a result in the present)

Eliza Liu
tam laeta est ut domire non possit.

Hanna Bertoldi
Tam diligenter laborat ut multa perficiat.

Morgan Burgess
Quintus ad ludum totiens sero advenit ut magister iratus non sit.

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
(used mostly after past tense main verbs, always shows a result in the past)

Elizabeth Harkinson
Quintus tam fessus erat ut ēsse non posset.

Hanna Bertoldi
Tanta fecit ut urbem servaret.

Morgan Burgess
Horatia tam anxia erat ut non posset dormire.

E Howser
Marcus adeo edit ut ambulare non posset.

Nick Hubner
tot hostes aderant ut Marcus pugnare non posset.

Lauren Bejzak
Scintilla cenam ita paravit ut omnes eam laudarent.

Olivia Hill
Quintus tam audax erat ut amici eum laudarent.

Conditions ch. 44

In both Latin and English there are two main kinds of conditions. Simple or general conditions that use regular indicative verbs and ideal or imaginary conditions that use subjunctive verbs.

SIMPLE/GENERAL CONDITIONS

Simple conditions are constructed in the same way in English and Latin for present and past tenses. In Latin si = if and nisi = unless/if not. In general conditions, the verbs are still indicative, but we may translate "if ever" or "whenever", in Latin as in English a word like umquam (ever) may occur in the if-clause, and a word like semper (always) or saepe (often) may occur in the then-clause of a general condition.

Examples:
If he left, I followed. {Past general = Whenever he left, I followed.
Si discessit, secutus sum.
If you are coming, we are coming too.
Si venis, quoque venimus.
Unless he is leaving, we are not staying.
Nisi discedit, non manemus.

However, future or future perfect simple conditions (which are also called future more vivid conditions) have a present or perfect tense verb in the if-clause in English while Latin follows the logical sequence and uses future or future perfect tense for both clauses.

Examples:
If they come, I will see them.
Si venient(fut.)/venerint(fut. perf.), eos videbo(fut.).
If you build it, they will come.
Si id aedificabis(fut.)/aedificaveris(fut. perf.), venient(fut.).
Unless you remind them, they won't remember.
Nisi eos admonebis(fut.)/admonueris(fut. perf.), non meminerint(fut. perf.).


Subjunctive Ideal/Imaginary Conditions

There is somewhat of a difference between what your book calls future ideal conditions and present or past ideal conditions.

Many other books would call a future ideal condition either a future less vivid (because it is not as vivid as the future more vivid which has future indicative) or a "should-would" condition (because it can be translated with should and would). Such conditions refer to a possible, but not strongly stated, future condition.

Typically the if-clause has "should" or "were to" and the then-clause has "would" in English.

Examples:
If he should come (or "were to come"), we would greet him warmly.
If you should leave (or "were to leave"), I would go too.
*Note the difference between the above future less vivid and the future more vivid: If he DOES come, we WILL greet him warmly. If you LEAVE, I WILL go too.

The present and past ideal conditions are often called unreal or contrafactual or contrary-to-fact conditions. A present contrary-to-fact condition states a present condition that is impossible or unreal. A past contrary-to-fact condition states a past condition that is impossible or unreal.

Typically a present contrary-to-fact condition has "were verbing"/"verbed" for the if-clause and "would verb" or "would be verbing" for the then-clause.

Typically a past contrary-to-fact condition has "had been verbing"/"had verbed" for the if-clause and "would have verbed" or "would have been verbing" for the then-clause.

Examples:
If he were leaving, we would go too. (but neither is true)
Were he coming, I would wait. (but neither is true)
We would not have left if he had gone. (but neither is true)
If you had come, I would not have joined in. (but neither is true)

English and Latin Examples of Subjunctive Conditions

Future Ideal/Future Less Vivid/"Should-Would": present subjunctive in Latin
If you should leave, I would follow.
Si discedas, sequar.
If he were to go, they would too.
Si eat, quoque eant.

Present Ideal/Present Unreal/Present Contrary-to-Fact: imperfect subjunctive in Latin
Unless you were leaving, you would not be sad.
Nisi discederes, non esses maestus.
If she were running (ran), she would win.
Si ea curreret, vinceret.

Past Ideal/Past Unreal/Past Contrary-to-Fact: pluperfect subjunctive in Latin
If you had run, you would have won.
Si cucurrisses, vicisses.
Unless he had left, we would have left soon.
Nisi discessisset, mox discessissemus.

One may mix present and past unreal:

If he had come, we would see him now.
Si venisset, eum nunc videremus.

Indirect Discourse Sentences

Here are all the sentences with perfect grammar and good word order. I really enjoyed the sentences this time.

You may rank your top FIVE favorites and translate them for extra credit on the test. Please email them to me by Friday if you would like to earn extra credit for your test grade.

Indirect Statement

Olivia Hill
dixit puellam benignam esse.
negavit puerum benignum esse.

Hanna Bertoldi
Scintilla dixit se multos filios et filias habere.
Dixi pueros vocare.

Lauren Bejzak
Scintilla dixit Horatiam ad ludum festinare.

E Howser
Quintus dicit se patrem auditurum esse.

Kyle Rhoads
Quintus sperat se parentes inventurum esse.

Matt Naiman
Speravi te cupitum esse.

Eliza Liu
Quintus gaudet se domum rediturum esse.
Scivit magistrum iratum esse.

Clay Clements
Dixit se cenam ēsse. (not esse)
Putat se cenam amare.

Indirect Question

Olivia Hill
Horatia Scintillam rogavit num argum vidisset.

Hanna Bertoldi
Rogo unde veneris.

Lauren Bejzak
Horatia Quintum rogat quid legat.

Anthony Wishard
Rogo num accedat.

Joe Strawitz
Magistrum rogat quid doceat.

E Howser
rogat quomodo sis.

Kyle Rhoads
Nescio quid fecerint.

Elizabeth Harkinson
Cognoscam utrum venerit necne.

Alyssa Walker
Iulia eam rogat cur vinum biberit.
Quintus rogat ubi convivium sit.

Matt Naiman
Rogavi num careret fama.

Eliza Liu
rogavit quid facturi essent.
nescio num Quintus domum redierit.

Indirect Command

Olivia Hill
Scintilla Horatiam rogat ut se adiuvet.

Hanna Bertoldi
Impero ut servos liberes.
Oravi ut puellam amares.

Anthony Wishard
Imperant tibi ut curras.
Imperaverunt tibi ne curreres.

Andrew Coons
magister servo imperat ut laboret.

Mike Weil
Moneo ut curras.

Eliza Liu
Scintilla Quinto imperavit ut se iuvaret.
vetuit eum in agro ludere.

Principal Parts for Verb Synopses on Test 2

The verb synopses on the exam will be chosen from this list.

amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus
moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus
agō, agere, ēgī, actus
cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus
mūniō, mūnīre, mūnīvī, mūnītus
cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum (deponent)
ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum (deponent)
volō, velle, voluī (only active)
gaudeō, gaudēre, gavīsus sum (semi-deponent)
confīdō, confīdere, confīsus sum (semi-deponent)

Example Synopses

(forms that are rare or non-existent)
xxx forms that do not exist
T/V/M	audeō 2nd pl.	mūniō 2nd s.
Pres Act Ind	audētis	mūnīs
Pres Pas Ind	(audēminī)	mūnīris
Impf Act Ind	audēbātis	mūniēbās
Impf Pas Ind	(audēbāminī)	mūniēbāris
Fut Act Ind	audēbitis	mūniēs
Fut Pas Ind	(audēbiminī)	mūniēris
Perf Act Ind	xxx	mūnīvistī
Perf Pas Ind	ausī estis	mūnītus es
Plpf Act Ind	xxx	mūnīverās
Plpf Pas Ind	ausī erātis	mūnītus erās
Fpf Act Ind	xxx	mūnīveris
Fpf Pas Ind	ausī eritis	mūnītus eris
Pres Act Sub	audeātis	mūniās
Pres Pas Sub	(audeāminī)	mūniāris
Impf Act Sub	audērētis	mūnīrēs
Impf Pas Sub	(audērēminī)	mūnīrēris
Perf Act Sub	xxx	mūnīveris
Perf Pas Sub	ausī sītis	mūnītus sīs
Plpf Act Sub	xxx	mūnīvissēs
Plpf Pas Sub	ausī essētis	mūnītus essēs
Pres Act Inf	audēre	mūnīre
Pres Pas Inf	(audērī)	mūnīrī
Perf Act Inf	xxx	mūnīvisse
Perf Pas Inf	ausus esse	mūnītus esse
Fut Act Inf	ausūrus esse	mūnītūrus esse
Pas Peri Inf	xxxxxxxx	xxxxxxxx
Prs Act Part	audens	mūniens
Pf Pas Part	ausus	mūnītus
Fut Act Part	ausūrus	mūnītūrus
Fut Pas Part	xxxxxxxx	xxxxxxxx

Spring Break Assignment Grammar Sentences

EXAMPLE GRAMMAR SENTENCES ILLUSTRATING INDIRECT DISCOURSE
(Indirect Statements, Questions, Commands)

For your assignment (due after Spring Break), compose two Latin sentences with each type of clauses (6 sentences total): 2 with ind. statements, 2 with ind. questions, and 2 with ind. commands. You may not merely copy my sentences or sentences from the book or elsewhere, but you may use other Latin sentences as models for your own. Indeed, unless you have a firm understanding of the Latin grammar, I recommend that you do use these sentences as your models. Provide an English translation of each of your six Latin sentences.

Indirect Statements

I know that you are being called.
Sciō tē vocārī.

I knew that you were being called.
Scīvī tē vocārī.

I knew that you had been called.
Scīvī tē vocātum esse.

They thought that they would conquer the enemy.
Putāvērunt sē hostēs victūrōs esse.

They say that they will conquer the enemy.
Dicunt sē hostēs victūrōs esse.

Indirect Questions

I will ask whether they are coming.
Rogābō num veniant.

I had asked whether they were coming.
Rogāveram num venīrent.

You wanted to know whether he had been killed or not.
Cupiēbās cognoscere utrum interfectus esset necne.

You will learn whether he was killed or not.
Cognoscēs utrum interfectus sit necne.

Indirect Commands

They had persuaded us to leave at once.
Persuaserant nōbīs ut statim discēderēmus.

They are asking us to leave immediately.
Orant (nōs) ut statim discēdāmus.

I advise you to come to the city.
Moneō (tē) ut ad urbem veniās.

He advised you to come to Rome.
Monuit (tē) ut Rōmam venīrēs.

I will tell you not to come.
Imperābō tibi nē veniās.

Indirect Statements

Below I use these verbs for examples:
amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus
moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus
cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus
mūniō, mūnīre, mūnīvī, mūnītus

New Infinitives

Perfect Active

Formation:
1) 3rd principal part: amāvī, monuī
2) take off final ī: amāv, monu
3) add isse: amāvisse, monuisse
Note: Technically this is the infinitive used to form the pluperfect subjunctive that you already know. Amāvisse (perf. act. inf.) + m, s, t, mus, tis, nt = pluperfect active subjunctive

Translation:
to have verbed
Translation in Indirect Statement:
verbed OR have verbed (primary sequence)
had verbed (secondary)

Perfect Passive

Formation:
1) get perfect passive participle (=4th principal part): mūnītum, cupītum
2) add separate word esse: mūnītum esse, cupītum esse
3) make PPP agree with the subject of the infinitive: viam mūnītam esse, nummōs cupītōs esse

Translation:
to have been verbed
Translation in Indirect Statement:
was verbed OR have been verbed (primary sequence)
had been verbed (secondary)

Future Active

Formation:
1) get perfect passive participle (=4th principal part): mūnītum, cupītum
2) take off final –um (or –us): mūnīt, cupīt
3) add ūrus to make future active participle: mūnītūrus, cupītūrus
4) add separate word esse: mūnītūrus esse, cupītūrus esse
5) make FAP agree with the subject of the infinitive: Caesarem mūnītūrum esse, eam cupītūram esse

Translation:
to be going to verb OR to be about to verb
Translation in Indirect Statement:
will verb OR is going to verb (primary sequence)
would verb OR was going to verb (secondary)

Some verbs like sum have no passives, only active forms:
esse (present active)
fuisse (perfect active)
futūrus esse AND fore (future active)

Deponent and Semi-deponent verbs will be missing some forms:
conārī (present passive, active meaning)
conātus esse (perfect passive, active meaning)
conātūrus esse (future active, active meaning, this is one of the exception to deponents’ passive forms)
audēre (present active)
ausus esse (perfect passive, active meaning)
ausūrus esse (future active)


INDIRECT STATEMENTS

We have already learned two of the three types of indirect discourse: indirect questions and indirect commands (start with ut or nē). Both of these use subjunctive verbs in Latin. The third and final type of indirect discourse is Indirect Statement which in Latin uses an accusative subject and infinitive verb. Like all infinitives and participles, the infinitives in indirect statement will show relative time. If the accusative subject of the infinitive is the same as the main verb you will have to use a reflexive pronoun: mē, nōs, tē, vōs, or sē.

TENSE OF INFINITIVE (TIME RELATIVE TO MAIN VERB)
Present (Same)
Perfect (Earlier)
Future (Later)

A Direct Statement is like a quotation, exactly what someone said or thought. An Indirect Statement will be represented in English not by a quotation but by a subordinate clause, often beginning with the word that.

Direct Statements

"I love her."
"I loved her."
"I will love her."
"I was loved by him."


Indirect Statements

Notice how the subject and verb change in relation to the main clause of the sentence.

Present Infinitive shows same time as main verb.

Putat sē eam amāre.
He thinks that he loves her.
Dixit sē eam amāre.
He said that he loved (same time as “said”) her.

Perfect infinitive shows earlier time than main verb.

Putat sē eam amāvisse.
He thinks that he loved her.
Dixit sē eam amāvisse.
He said that he had loved her.
Putat sē ab eō amātam esse.
She thinks that she was loved by him.
Dixit sē ab eō amātam esse
She said that she had been loved by him.

Future Infinitive shows later time than main verb.

Putat sē eam amātūrum esse.
He thinks that he will love her.
Dixit sē eam amātūrum esse.
He said that he would love her.

Ch. 38 Excellent Sentences, NOW RANKED

*NEW*
Results are in from the survey. Here are the rankings:

1) Two-way tie:

Joe Strawitz
Gladium cum difficultate abieci.

Andrew Coons
Aliquando futura dira agnosco.

2) Lauren Bejzak
Horatia immemor Scintillae est.

3) Five-way tie:

Matt Naiman (all 3 sentences ranked the same)
Ego difficultatem agnosco.
Aliquando Kyle feminas noctu complectitur.
Kyle feminas gladio prodet.

Joe Strawitz
Aliquando noctu cubo et vallum intueor.

Anthony Wishard
Periculum dirum agnosco.


My three favorite sentences were picked by no one.

Kyle Rhoads
Immemor periculi, Spartacus vitam abiecit.

Alyssa Walker
Futura complectar, bellorum memor.
Aliquando, difficultatis immemor, cubo.



These sentences have the best Latin in respect to grammar, idiom, and word order. Rank your favorite three and translate them for next Wednesday (March 10).

Lauren Bejzak

Horatia immemor Scintillae est.


Morgan Burgess

Futura complector ne dira sint.
Aliquando caelum noctu intueor.


Clay Clements

Puer cubuit.


Andrew Coons

Aliquando futura dira agnosco.


James Dormer

Futura ruris quam primum complector.


Elizabeth Harkinson

Est rusticus.


Eliza Liu

Noctu ego cubans valla intueor.
Quintus domi memor patriam non prodit.
Puer librum abiecit.


Matt Naiman

Ego difficultatem agnosco.
Aliquando Kyle feminas noctu complectitur.
Kyle feminas gladio prodet.
Kyle feminarum memor est.


Kyle Rhoads

Quam primum Iulium Caesarem Bruto prodam.
Immemor periculi, Spartacus vitam abiecit.
Diri hostes rusticos viros oppugnaverant.


Joe Strawitz

Aliquando noctu cubo et vallum intueor.
Gladium cum difficultate abieci.


Alyssa Walker

Futura complectar, bellorum memor.
Aliquando, difficultatis immemor, cubo.
Rusticum vallum rure agnosco.
Rus dirum intueor.
Quam primum paulum cotidie abicio.


Mike Weil

Horatia est ruri.


Anthony Wishard

Futura quam primum complector.
Periculum dirum agnosco.
Vallum rusticum intueor.

Semi-deponent verbs & Synopses

SEMI-DEPONENT VERBS

Semi-deponent verbs, like deponent verbs, are missing some of their forms. The most common semi-deponent verbs are those which have only active forms in the present system (present, imperfect, and future) and only passive forms in the perfect system (perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect).

You should also know that some irregular verbs such as sum, possum, volo, malo, nolo, and eo are virtually always active--the opposite of regular deponent verbs which only have passive forms. A few other verbs such as memini, odi, and coepi only have perfect system forms, no present, imperfect, or future.

CASE USES

Ablative object of a verb (no preposition in Latin)

Librō ūtēbāris. You were using a book.
Cēnā fructī erant. They had enjoyed dinner.

Ablative of comparison (with comparative adjective or adverb)
Marcus Luciō altior est. Marcus is taller than Lucius.
Cicerō Balbō celerius cucurrit. Cicero ran faster than Balbus.

Ablative of measure/degree of difference
Multō longius Romam quam Athēnās erat. It was much further to Rome than to Athens.
Caesar paulō melior quam Pompeius est. Caesar is a little bit better than Pompey.

Ablative of (specific) price
Quinque denariīs pictūram ēmī. I bought the painting for 5 denarii.
MM sestertiīs casam vendidī. I sold the little house for 2000 sesterces.

Genitive of (indefinite) value
With these verbs meaning hold, consider, estimate, …
habeo, putō, faciō, dūcō, …
Eam magnī, eum parvī habeo. I consider her worth a lot, him worth a little.
Tē maximī aestimās. You value yourself very highly. (…worth very much)

Ablative of origin (related to ablative of separation)
Vir genere vetere est. He is a man of an old family.
Aeneas deā natus est. Aeneas was born of a goddess.



SYNOPSES

Synopses are lists of all the finite (indicative & subjunctive) forms of a verb in a certain person and number, such as all the 1st person singular forms. When I ask you to do synopses, I will often ask for other forms such as infinitives and participles although these forms have no person (i.e. are not 1st, 2nd, or 3rd person).

xxx indicates a form that does not exist for this particular verb.
xxxxxxxx indicates a form that you have not learned yet.

T/V/M	fīō 3rd pl.	possum 1st pl.
Pres Act Ind	fīunt	possumus
Pres Pas Ind	xxx	xxx
Impf Act Ind	fīēbant	poterāmus
Impf Pas Ind	xxx	xxx
Fut Act Ind	fīent	poterimus
Fut Pas Ind	xxx	xxx
Perf Act Ind	xxx	potuimus
Perf Pas Ind	factī sunt	xxx
Plpf Act Ind	xxx	potuerāmus
Plpf Pas Ind	factī erant	xxx
Fpf Act Ind	xxx	potuerimus
Fpf Pas Ind	factī erunt	xxx
Pres Act Sub	fīant	possīmus
Pres Pas Sub	xxx	xxx
Impf Act Sub	fierent	possēmus
Impf Pas Sub	xxx	xxx
Perf Act Sub	xxx	potuerimus
Perf Pas Sub	factī sint	xxx
Plpf Act Sub	xxx	potuissēmus
Plpf Pas Sub	factī essent	xxx
Pres Act Inf	xxx	posse
Pres Pas Inf	fierī	xxx
Perf Act Inf	xxxxxxxx	xxxxxxxx
Perf Pas Inf	xxxxxxxx	xxxxxxxx
Fut Act Inf	xxxxxxxx	xxxxxxxx
Pas Peri Inf	xxxxxxxx	xxxxxxxx
Prs Act Part	xxx	potens
Pf Pas Part	factus	xxx
Fut Act Part	xxx	xxx
Fut Pas Part	xxxxxxxx	xxxxxxxx

INDIRECT QUESTIONS, ch. 39

Below I use these verbs for examples:
amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus
mūniō, mūnīre, mūnīvī, mūnītus

I have already introduced the perfect subjunctive forms but here they are again because now you are expected to learn them.

Perfect Active Subjunctive
Formation:
1) 3rd principal part minus the long ī
2) add eri
3) add active endings: m, s, t, mus, tis, nt
*Note: Except for the 1st singular (-erim, instead of -erō) this will look like the future perfect indicative.

All conjugations form this tense the same way. Here are two examples:
amāverim, amāveris, amāverit, amāverimus, amāveritis, amāverint
mīserim, mīseris, mīserit, mīserimus, mīseritis, mīserint

Perfect Passive Subjunctive
Formation:
1) First word is Perfect Passive Participle*.
2) Second word is sim, sīs, sit, sīmus, sītis, or sint (present subjunctive of sum).
*Remember, as always, to change the participle’s gender and number to agree with the subject.

All conjugations form this tense the same way. Here are two examples:
amātus –a –um sim
amātus –a –um sīs
amātus –a –um sit
amātī –ae –a sīmus
amātī –ae –a sītis
amātī –ae –a sint

mūnītus –a –um sim
mūnītus –a –um sīs
mūnītus –a –um sit
mūnītī –ae –a sīmus
mūnītī –ae –a sītis
mūnītī –ae –a sint


INDIRECT QUESTIONS

Indirect questions are questions that have been subordinated or made dependent on a main clause verb such as say, ask, think, etc. In English indirect questions, word order and the person of the verb are often changed. In Latin the verb of the indirect questions becomes subjunctive following sequence of tenses.

Note: If the original Latin question’s verb was future tense, then you should use the future active participle (FAP) with the present (if primary) or the imperfect (if secondary) subjunctive of sum.

Any question word may introduce an indirect question. The usual word used to start a typical yes/no indirect question is num, which does not expect a negative answer as it does when introducing a direct question. Utrum introduces the first part of a series of indirect questions, and an or necne (if negative) introduces the second or later parts of the series.

Direct Questions

Venitne? Is she coming?
Ībisne Romam? Will you go to Rome?
Capiēbāminīne? Were you (pl.) captured?
Utrum vincēmus an non? Will we win or not?

Sequence of Tenses in Indirect Questions
(1st chart by type of subjunctive, 2nd by active translation, 3rd by passive translation)

Sequence	Earlier	Same	Later
Primary	perf.	pres.	FAP + sim
Secondary	plup.	impf.	FAP + essem
Sequence	Earlier	Same	Later
Primary	has verbed/verbed	verbs, is verbing	will verb, is going to verb
Secondary	had verbed	verbed, was verbing	would verb, was going to verb
Sequence	Earlier	Same	Later
Primary	has been verbed, was verbed	is (being) verbed	will be verbed, is going to be verbed
Secondary	had been verbed	was (being) verbed	would be verbed, was going to be verbed

Indirect Questions after primary main verb

Rogō num veniat (pres. subj. shows same relative time). I am asking whether she is coming.
Rogō num Rōmam ītūrus sīs (fut. act. part. with sīs shows later time). I am asking whether you will (or “are going to”) go to Rome.
Rogō num captī sītis (perf. subj. shows earlier relative time). I am asking whether you were captured.
Rogant utrum victūrī sint* necne. They are asking whether they will win or not.
*Notice change in the person of the verb because of the main verb's subject being the same.


Indirect Questions after secondary main verb

Rogāvit num venīret (impf. subj. shows same relative time). He asked whether she was coming.
Rogāvit num Rōmam ītūrus essēs (fut. act. part. with essēs shows later time). He asked whether you would (or “were going to”) go to Rome.
Rogāvit num captī essētis (plup. subj. shows earlier relative time). He asked whether you had been captured.
Rogāverant utrum victūrī essent* necne. They had asked whether they would win or not.
*Notice change in the person of the verb because of the main verb's subject being the same.

FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE, ch. 38

Participles are verbal adjectives. Like adjectives they have gender, number, and case; like verbs they have tense and voice. The tense of a participle (or an infinitive) displays relative time.


The Future Active Participle is made from the supine (4th principal part).

Formation:
1) Get 4th principal part (or perfect passive participle from last principal part if deponent).
2) Take off the ending whether –um or –us.
3) Add –ūrus*.
*Note: The –us on the end will decline 1st and 2nd declension like bonus –a –um.

Translation:
about to verb, going to verb

amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus to love, like
1) amātum
2) amāt
3) amātūrus = going to love
moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus to warn, advise
1) monitum
2) monit
3) monitūrus = going to warn
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus to send, throw
1) missum
2) miss
3) missūrus = going to send
cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus to want, desire
1) cupītum
2) cupīt
3) cupītūrus = going to want
mūniō, mūnīre, mūnīvī, mūnītus to build, fortify
1) mūnītum
2) mūnīt
3) mūnītūrus = going to fortify

Example Deponent Verb

loquor, loquī, locūtus sum to speak, talk
1) locūtus (from last principal part)
2) locūt
3) locūtūrus = going to speak


Chart of relative translations for participles (and infinitives)

Type of participle: Translation with Primary Main Verb / Translation with Past Main Verb

Present Active: is verbing / was verbing
Perfect Passive: has been verbed / had been verbed
Future Active: is going to verb / was going to verb

Magistrō docente, discipulī audiunt.
Magistrō docente, discipulī audīvērunt.

Discipulīs doctīs, magister docēre cessat.
Discipulīs doctīs, magister docēre cessāvit.

Magistrō docitūrō, discipulī audiunt.
Magistrō docitūrō, discipulī audīvērunt.

Ablative Absolutes, ch. 37

Ablative absolutes do the same thing as English nominative absolutes.

ENGLISH NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTES

You may have never learned this name before, but you have surely heard some of these absolute phrases such as "that being so" or "this being the case".

Further examples are below. Notice how each main clause still makes sense without the nominative absolutes—enclosed in parentheses—in these English examples:

(The clock striking twelve,) Cinderella fled the ball.
(Their funds exhausted,) they knew one of them had to find a job fast.
(Victory having been accomplished at a terrible price,) the homecoming was bittersweet at best.
(Time running out on the clock,) the quarterback threw a "Hail Mary" pass into the endzone.
(The jury having reached a verdict,) the judge asked the defendant to stand.

Each of the above nominative absolutes sets up the circumstances or situation under which the main clause occurs.

Note that they are called nominative absolutes because you should use the subject case, but this is only apparent in English with pronouns, for example:

(He being strong,) the weighty barrier proved no obstacle.

“He” is correct, though sometimes people will incorrectly say “him” in such instances.

LATIN ABLATIVE ABSOLUTES

Like nominative absolutes, ablative absolutes in Latin are grammatically very loosely connected to the clause in which they occur. “Absolute” here means “unconnected” or “standing by itself.” Mostly ablative absolutes may also be understood as ablatives of cause or ablatives of attendant circumstance.

There are two types of ablative absolutes.

1) Noun/Pronoun + Participle (both in ablative)
Translate the noun or pronoun first and then translate the participle literally.

Marcō ducente, … Marcus leading, …
Quintō laudātō, … Quintus having been praised, …

2) Noun/Pronoun + Noun/Adjective (both in ablative)
Translate the first noun or pronoun, add “being” or “as”, and then translate the second noun or adjective.

Hōc fortissimō, … This man being very brave, …
Virīs mīlitibus, … The men being soldiers, …

WHEN TO USE AN ABSOLUTE

Ablative absolutes are only used when the main noun/pronoun is not found as part of the main clause. If the noun is already found in the main clause, then the participle (or second noun or adjective) simply agrees in gender, number, and case with the first noun.

Examples without absolute:

I followed the man* leading us.
Virum nōs ducentem secūtus sum.
*Man is direct object of main clause, so virum is accusative and ducentem agrees.

I gave a letter to the messenger* going to Athens.
Litterās nuntiō Athenās euntī dedī.
*Messenger is indirect object of main clause, so nuntiō is dative and euntī agrees.

Examples with absolute:

Caesar* being general, we expected that we would win.
Caesare duce, expectāvimus ut vincerēmus.
*Caesar is not part of the main clause, so it becomes part of ablative absolute.

The poem* having been written by Quintus, it was proper to listen.
Carmine ā Quintō scriptō, oportēbat audīre.
*Poem is not part of the main clause, so it becomes part of an absolute.

FANCY TRANSLATIONS LIKE CUM CLAUSES

Participles can be translated like full clauses as we have mentioned before. This is helpful because sometimes literal translations sound odd to us—we don’t use participles nearly as much.

Caesare duce, gaudēbam.
Caesar being general, I rejoiced. = Since/when Caesar was general, I rejoiced.

Urbe dēlētā, bellum non iam finītum est.
The city having been destroyed, the war was not finished yet. = While/although the city had been destroyed, the was was not finished yet.

Cicerone dicente, semper audiunt.
Cicero speaking, they always listen. = If/whenever Cicero speaks, they always listen.

DEPONENT VERBS ch. 36

These verbs are passive in form but active in meaning.
e.g. sequor = I follow, locūtus sum = I spoke

Most forms of the verb are passive but have active meanings. However, the present active participle (and the future active participle which you have not yet learned) are active in form and meaning.

NEW FORMS

Present Passive Infinitive
Normally this form is translated “to be verbed” but with a deponent verb it means “to verb.”
Formation:
1) 2nd prinicipal part
a) minus final e, if not 3rd or 3rd io
b) minus ere, if 3rd or 3rd io
2) add long ī
e.g. loquī = to speak, cōnārī = to try, capī = to be captured, monērī = to be warned

Present Passive Imperatives
Normally this form is translated “Be verbed!” but with a deponent verb it means “Verb!”
Formation:
2nd singular imperative = 2nd prinicipal part, e.g. loquere, monēre, cōnāre
2nd plural imperative = 2nd plural present passive indicative, e.g. loquiminī, amāminī

Examples of Deponent Verbs
Cōnātus discēdere didicī mē non posse.
Having tried to leave, I have learned that I cannot.
Loquere nunc aut semper silē!
Speak now or be quiet forever!
Mortuus sum sed passī sunt eum domum proficiscī.
I died but they allowed him to set out for home.

Results of the Survey on Ch. 30 Sentences

Thanks again to everyone for creating some clever sentences. I post the results from your collected rankings.

And the results for the top 3 are...

1.Joe Strawitz

Puella a choro heri delectata nuper periit.

2. Morgan Burgess

Familia deis potentibus supplicat.

3. Anthony Wishard

Pater meus est antiquus.


My personal favorite, which strangely received no votes, was:

Pater dives et antiquus dono delectatus laetus erat. (Morgan Burgess)

More Subjunctives, Ch. 35

VERBS USED IN EXAMPLE FORMS BELOW

amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus to love, like
moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus to warn, advise
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus to send, throw
cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus to want, desire
mūniō, mūnīre, mūnīvī, mūnītus to build, fortify

PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE

Your book does not include perfect subjunctive in this chapter (35) but I will go ahead and introduce it in order to complete the system. Subjunctive only has four tenses: present, imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect. There are no future or future perfect subjunctive forms.

Perfect and pluperfect subjunctive are, of course, in the perfect system, and so they use the 3rd principal part to form the active voice.

Perfect Active Subjunctive
Formation:
1) 3rd principal part minus the long ī
2) add eri
3) add active endings: m, s, t, mus, tis, nt
*Note: Except for the 1st singular (-erim, instead of -erō) this will look like the future perfect indicative.

All conjugations form this tense the same way. Here are two examples:
amāverim, amāveris, amāverit, amāverimus, amāveritis, amāverint
mīserim, mīseris, mīserit, mīserimus, mīseritis, mīserint

Pluperfect Active Subjunctive
Formation:
1) 3rd principal part minus the long ī
2) add issē
3) add active endings: m, s, t, mus, tis, nt

All conjugations form this tense the same way. Here are two examples:
monuissem, monuissēs, monuisset, monuissēmus, monuissētis, monuissent
mūnīvissem, mūnīvissēs, mūnīvisset, mūnīvissēmus, mūnīvissētis, mūnīvissent

PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVES

The present system (i.e. present and imperfect) passive subjunctives are made the same as the active but with the passive endings r, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur instead of m, s, t, mus, tis, nt.
The perfect system (perfect and pluperfect) passive subjunctives are two word forms, as in the indicative, formed by adding subjunctive forms of the being verb (sum, esse) to the perfect passive participle.

Present Passive Subjunctive (stem vowels from “Let’s beat a giant friar!”)
1st: amer*, amēris, amētur, amēmur, amēminī, amentur*
2nd: monear*, moneāris, moneātur, moneāmur, moneāminī, moneantur*
3rd: mittar*, mittāris, mittātur, mittāmur, mittāminī, mittantur
3rd io: cupiar*, cupiāris, cupiātur, cupiāmur, cupiāminī, cupiantur*
4th: mūniar*, mūniāris, mūniātur, mūniāmur, mūniāminī, mūniantur*
*vowel shortened

Imperfect Passive Subjunctive (2nd principal part + ending)
1st: amārer*, amārēris, amārētur, amārēmur, amārēminī, amārentur*
2nd: monērer*, monērēris, monērētur, monērēmur, monērēminī, monērentur*
3rd: mitterer*, mitterēris, mitterētur, mitterēmur, mitterēminī, mitterentur
3rd io: cuperer*, cuperēris, cuperētur, cuperēmur, cuperēminī, cuperentur*
4th: mūnīrer*, mūnīrēris, mūnīrētur, mūnīrēmur, mūnīrēminī, mūnīrentur*

Perfect Passive Subjunctive
Formation:
1) First word is Perfect Passive Participle*.
2) Second word is sim, sīs, sit, sīmus, sītis, or sint (present subjunctive of sum).
*Remember, as always, to change the participle’s gender and number to agree with the subject.

All conjugations form this tense the same way. Here are two examples:
amātus –a –um sim
amātus –a –um sīs
amātus –a –um sit
amātī –ae –a sīmus
amātī –ae –a sītis
amātī –ae –a sint

mūnītus –a –um sim
mūnītus –a –um sīs
mūnītus –a –um sit
mūnītī –ae –a sīmus
mūnītī –ae –a sītis
mūnītī –ae –a sint

Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive
Formation:
1) First word is Perfect Passive Participle*.
2) Second word is essem, essēs, esset, essēmus, essētis, essent (imperfect subjunctive of sum).
*Remember, as always, to change the participle’s gender and number to agree with the subject.

All conjugations form this tense the same way. Here are two examples:
monitus –a –um essem
monitus –a –um essēs
monitus –a –um esset
monitī –ae –a essēmus
monitī –ae –a essētis
monitī –ae –a essent

missus –a –um essem
missus –a –um essēs
missus –a –um esset
missī –ae –a essēmus
missī –ae –a essētis
missī –ae –a essent

INDIRECT COMMANDS

Indirect commands occur with many verbs of asking, ordering, advising, persuading, etc.

In Latin clauses of indirect command start with ut or nē (if negative) and have a subjunctive verb that is almost always present (in primary sequence) or imperfect (in secondary sequence) tense. However, iubeō (bid, order) and vetō (forbid, order…not) take an infinitive instead of a clause of indirect command—thus iubeō = imperō ut and vetō = imperō nē.

Unlike purpose clauses which answer the question “for what purpose?”—an indirect command clause tells simply “what” is being ordered or advised.

Examples:
Nōs monuit ut canerēmus.
He advised/warned us to sing. / He advised us that we (should) sing.
Vōbīs persuadēbunt nē eātis.
They will persuade you not to go. / They will persuade you that you (should) not go.

Imperāvit mihi ut discēderem.
He ordered me to leave. / He ordered that I (should) leave.
Imperat tibi nē maneās.
He is ordering you not to stay.

Note in the last two examples that the same meaning can be accomplished with iubeō or vetō and an infintive.
Iussit mē discēdere. = He ordered me to leave.
Vetat tē manēre. = He is ordering you not to stay.

CUM CLAUSES

Cum clauses are of several types. Cum with the indicative mood should usually be translated as “when” or “whenever” (occasionally with perfect system tenses), and such cum clauses are often called Temporal because they refer to time. Three types of cum clauses that use subjunctive are:

1) Circumstantial: Still translated with “when” but indicates that the connection between clauses is more than just temporal—it is circumstantial or situational, i.e. there is a meaningful relationship between the event in the cum clause and the event in the main clause.

2) Causal: Translated with “since” or “because.” Cum causal clauses tell the reason or cause for the main clause.

3) Concessive (Adversative): Translated with “although.” Cum concessive clauses tell a contrary fact in spite of which the main clause nevertheless occurs. The main clause in Latin may have a word like tamen (nevertheless, still) or nihilominus (nonetheless).

Note: The subjunctive in these clauses will follow the sequence of tenses. Cum circumstantial will typically only use subjunctive verbs in secondary tenses.

Sequence of Tenses

If main clause verb is primary (refers to present or future, not to past),
then the subjunctive verb is…
present if it shows the same or later time than the main verb.
perfect if it shows earlier time than the main verb.
If main clause verb is secondary (refers to past time),
then the subjunctive verb is…
imperfect if it shows the same or later time than the main verb.
pluperfect if it shows earlier time than the main verb.

EXAMPLES:

Hōc cum ita sit*, discēdam. *pres. subj. = same time as primary main verb
Since this is so, I will leave. (causal)

Cum malus esset*, tamen eum non ōderam. *impf. subj. = same time as secondary main verb
Although he was bad, still I did not hate him. (concessive)

Cum id fēcisset*, illum laudāvimus. * plup. subj. = earlier time than secondary main verb
When he had done it, we praised him. (circumstantial)

SOME EXAMPLES OF PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVES

Utinam nē caperēmur*! (I wish) that we were not being captured!
*imperfect pass. subj. in optative main clause

Discēdit nē capiātur*. He is leaving so that he may not be caught/captured.
*pres. pass. subj. in purpose clause

Persuasērunt mihi ut pons aedificārētur*. They persuaded me that the bridge should be built.
*impf. pass. subj. in indirect command clause

Cum moenia urbis fracta essent*, populī tamen virtūs nōn fracta est. Although the walls of the city had been broken, nevertheless, the people’s courage was not broken.
*plup. pass. subj. in cum concessive clause

Cum bellum ita gessum sit*, hostēs certē vincēmus. Since the war has been waged thus, we will surely conquer the enemy.
*perf. pass. subj. in cum causal clause

Present and Imperfect Subjunctive Forms and Translations

Below I use these verbs for examples:
amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus
moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus
cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventus

SUBJUNCTIVE
Subjunctive is a mood. Other moods in Latin are indicative (regular verbs of statements and questions) and imperative (verb forms used in commands). Infinitives are sometimes called a separate mood, though technically they are something completely different. The subjunctive mood exists in English too, thouh as with other English verb forms, it is often expressed with a helping verb or modal verb. Here are some examples of modal verbs used to translate subjunctives: may, might, would, and should, as well as sometimes can, could, will, and shall.

What they do…
Subjunctives are typically used to show things like possibility/probability, wishes, and advice or suggestions.

English examples:
Let it be.
May the Force be with you!
That may be.
Be that as it may.
If I were king, I would eat cake all day long.

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE
Let’s beat a giant friar/liar!
The above sentence does two things.

1) It reminds us of one way to translate the present subjunctive.
Let subject verb! e.g. Videat! = Let him/her see!
2) It reminds us of which vowels are used for the present subjunctive by each conjugation.
1st = e, 2nd = ea, 3rd = a, 3rd & 4th = ia

Formation:
To make the present subjunctive you…
1) get the present stem (2nd principal part minus re)
2) replace the final vowel with the new vowel(s) for present subjunctive.
*Note: The last subjunctive vowel is treated as long.
3) then add the active personal endings: m, s, t, mus, tis, nt.
*Note: Final m, r, and t always shorten the preceding vowel, and nt shortens the preceding vowel anywhere in the word.

1st: amem*, amēs, amet*, amēmus, amētis, ament*
2nd: moneam*, moneās, moneat*, moneāmus, moneātis, moneant*
3rd: mittam*, mittās, mittat*, mittāmus, mittātis, mittant
3rd io: cupiam*, cupiās, cupiat*, cupiāmus, cupiātis, cupiant*
4th: veniam*, veniās, veniat*, veniāmus, veniātis, veniant*
*vowel shortened

IMPERFECT ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Formation:
1) get the 2nd principal part (present active infinitive)
2) lengthen the final e
3) then add the active personal endings: m, s, t, mus, tis, nt.

1st: amārem*, amārēs, amāret*, amārēmus, amārētis, amārent*
2nd: monērem*, monērēs, monēret*, monērēmus, monērētis, monērent*
3rd: mitterem*, mitterēs, mitteret*, mitterēmus, mitterētis, mitterent
3rd io: cuperem*, cuperēs, cuperet*, cuperēmus, cuperētis, cuperent*
4th: venīrem*, venīrēs, venīret*, venīrēmus, venīrētis, venīrent*

INDEPENDENT OR MAIN CLAUSE SUBJUNCTIVES
Three types are introduced here.

Jussive (or hortatory) subjunctive is used for mild or polite commands. In English we translate with “let.”
Veniat! Let him come! Eāmus! Let’s go!

Optative subjunctive is used for wishes. In Latin there will often be an utinam in the clause. We translate with “May” as the first word or add “Would that…!” or “I wish…” to the beginning of the clause.
(Utinam) Vīs tēcum sit! May the Force be with you! (Utinam) discederet! I wish he were leaving!

Potential subjunctive is used to expressed possibilities. It is translated with helping verbs like may, might, can, could, and would.
Crēderēs mihi. You would/could/might believe me. Fortasse mox veniat. Perhaps he may come soon.

PURPOSE CLAUSES

A purpose clause tells “why?” or “for what purpose?” something is done. In English they start with “so that” or “in order that” and may/will or might/would. In English purpose may also be expressed with a purpose infinitive (which Latin does not have). An English infinitive of purpose is sometimes introduced by “in order” or “so as”, e.g.: “I left (so as) to escape notice.”
In Latin, purpose clauses start with ut or nē (if negative), and the verb is subjunctive mood, present, if in primary sequence, and imperfect, if in secondary sequence.

How to Tell Sequence

All past tense indicative verbs are secondary.
All present, future, and future perfect indicative verbs as well as all imperatives are primary.
Perfect tense may be treated either as primary (only when translated “has/have verbed”) or secondary.

EXAMPLES
I came so that I might/would see him. = I came to see (purpose infinitive) him.
Vēnī ut eum vidērem*.
*imperfect subjunctive in secondary sequence
You are coming (in order) to help. = You are coming so that you may/will help.
Venis ut adiuvēs*.
*present subjunctive in primary sequence
He had left so that I would not see him. = He had left in order for me not to see him.
Discesserat nē eum vidērem*.
*imperfect subjunctive in secondary sequence

Present System Passives

I show below how to make the passive forms for each of the following verbs.

amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus to love, like
moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus to warn, advise
dūcō, dūcere, duxī, ductus to lead, draw/pull; consider
capiō, capere, cēpī, captus to take, seize, capture
audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus to hear, listen

Present Passive

Endings: r, ris(re), tur, mur, minī, ntur
Stem: normally 2nd principal part minus re (but watch out for irregularities in 3rd-4th)

NOTES: First singular is first principal part plus r; final r shortens the long ō.
A short i turns into e before an r. There is an extra i before untur in 3rd io and 4th.

Translation: am/are/is verbed, is being verbed

amor (amō + r)
amāris
amātur
amāmur
amāminī
amantur (stem vowel shortened by nt)

moneor (moneō + r)
monēris
monētur
monēmur
monēminī
monentur (stem vowel shortened by nt)

dūcor (dūcō + r)
dūceris (short i turns to short e before r, contrast long e in future)
dūcitur
dūcimur
dūciminī
dūcuntur

capior (capiō + r)
caperis (short i turns to short e before r)
capitur
capimur
capiminī
capiuntur (Note: iuntur, not intur or untur)

audior (audiō + r)
audīris
audītur
audīmur
audīminī
audiuntur (Note: iuntur, not just intur)

Imperfect Passive

Endings: r, ris(re), tur, mur, minī, ntur
Stem: present stem (with –ie- instead for 3rd io and 4th) plus bā

Translation: was/were verbed, was being verbed

amābar (stem vowel shortened by final r)
amābāris
amābātur
amābāmur
amābāminī
amābantur (stem vowel shortened by nt)

monēbar (stem vowel shortened by final r)
monēbāris
monēbātur
monēbāmur
monēbāminī
monēbantur (stem vowel shortened by nt)

dūcēbar (stem vowel shortened by final r)
dūcēbāris
dūcēbātur
dūcēbāmur
dūcēbāminī
dūcēbantur (stem vowel shortened by nt)

capiēbar (stem vowel shortened by final r)
capiēbāris
capiēbātur
capiēbāmur
capiēbāminī
capiēbantur (stem vowel shortened by nt)

audiēbar (stem vowel shortened by final r)
audiēbāris
audiēbātur
audiēbāmur
audiēbāminī
audiēbantur (stem vowel shortened by nt)

Future Passive

Endings: r, ris(re), tur, mur, minī, ntur
Stem:
1) for 1st and 2nd conjugation, present stem + bō, bi, bu
2) For 3rd, 3rd io, and 4th use these vowels, a (1st sing.) and ē (all other persons and numbers); 3rd io and 4th have an i before the final vowel.

NOTES: A short i turns into e before an r.

Translation: will/shall be verbed, will be being verbed

amābor (bō shortened by final r)
amāberis (short i turns to short e before r)
amābitur
amābimur
amābiminī
amābuntur

monēbor (bō shortened by final r)
monēberis (short i turns to short e before r)
monēbitur
monēbimur
monēbiminī
monēbuntur

dūcar
dūcēris (long e in future, short in present)
dūcētur
dūcēmur
dūcēminī
dūcentur (ē shortened by nt)

capiar
capiēris
capiētur
capiēmur
capiēminī
capientur (ē shortened by nt)

audiar
audiēris
audiētur
audiēmur
audiēminī
audientur (ē shortened by nt)

Vocabulary Sentences for Ch. 30

Here is a list of those vocabulary sentences which were perfect not only in grammar but also in use of normal Latin word order. Many more sentences were grammatically correct or nearly so and used understandable, if not normal, word order, and they too deserve praise. Congrats to everyone for creativity.

This exercise should show you that you have much more to learn about Latin--after all that is why you are in the class--, but I am generally pleased with your performance.

Grades were based on how many sentences you got completely correct (at least grammatically) as well as on how complex they were.

PERFECT SENTENCES

Morgan Burgess

Familia deis potentibus supplicat.
Pater dives et antiquus dono delectatus laetus erat.
Decimus Horatiam post nuptias sustulit et eam super limen portavit.

Joe Strawitz

Puella a choro heri delectata nuper periit.
Diviti feminae nupsi*.
*Same sex marriage, since nubere must have a woman as the subject.

Andrew Coons

Dona luminis solis sentio.
Chorum per limen arcesso.

Anthony Wishard

Pater meus est antiquus.
Horatia Decimo nupsit.

Eliza Liu

Deis supplicat.
Choro arcessito donum dedi.

E Howser

Est mos maiorum donum soli dare.

Nick Hubner

Heri super limen Horatiam sustuli.

Graham Gibson

Me propter nuptias heri gessi.

Matt Naiman

Heri chorum arcessivi.

Lauren Bejzak

Flaccus est aequus.

Mike Weil

Mox periero.

PERFECT SYSTEM PASSIVES, ch. 31

We talk about present system and perfect system in Latin because present system verbs (present, imperfect, future) are made from the first 2 principal parts, while perfect system verbs (perfect, pluperfect, future perfect) are made from the last 2 principal parts.

The perfect active system which you already know is formed from the 3rd principal minus the ī and plus the endings. For perfect (also called present perfect), you use ī, istī, it, imus, istis, ērunt; for pluperfect (also called past perfect), you use eram, erās, erat, erāmus, erātis, erant; for future perfect, you use erō, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erint.

The new PERFECT PASSIVE SYSTEM uses the 4th principal part (also known as the perfect passive participle) with a separate form of sum. The 4th principal part or perfect passive participle will agree in gender, number and case (nominative) with the subject of the clause.

Perfect Passive Indicative

Translation: has/have been verbed, was/were verbed

English examples: He has been loved. or He was loved.
The girls were praised. or The girls have been praised.
Latin: Amātus est. Puellae laudatae sunt.

Form: 4th principal part (agreeing with subject) + present tense of sum

Forms of ...has/have been led
ductus, -a, -um sum
ductus, -a, -um es
ductus, -a, -um est
ductī, -ae, -a sumus
ductī, -ae, -a estis
ductī, -ae, -a sunt

Pluperfect Passive Indicative

Translation: had been verbed

English examples: He had been loved. The girls had been praised.
Latin: Amātus erat. Puellae laudatae erant.

Form: 4th principal part (agreeing with subject) + imperfect tense of sum

Forms of ...had been led
ductus, -a, -um eram
ductus, -a, -um erās
ductus, -a, -um erat
ductī, -ae, -a erāmus
ductī, -ae, -a erātis
ductī, -ae, -a erant

Future Perfect Passive Indicative

Translation: will have been verbed

English examples: He will have been loved. The girls will have been praised.
Latin: Amātus erit. Puellae laudatae erunt.

Form: 4th principal part (agreeing with subject) + future tense of sum

Forms of ...will have been led
ductus, -a, -um erō
ductus, -a, -um eris
ductus, -a, -um erit
ductī, -ae, -a erimus
ductī, -ae, -a eritis
ductī, -ae, -a erunt

SENTENCE EXAMPLES:
Notice how each participle agrees in gender, number, and case with the subject.

Dōna ā rege data erant.
The gifts had been given by the king.

Lībertās ab omnibus laudāta est.
Freedom was praised (or “has been praised”) by everyone.

Iuvenēs ā magistrō doctī erunt.
The young men will have been taught (one day in the future) by the teacher.

PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE AND ABLATIVE OF AGENT

PASSIVE VOICE

What is "voice" when we talk about verbs?

First, let's distinguish between transitive and intransitive verbs.

A transitive verb may have a direct object, and an intransitive verb does not (and often cannot) have a direct object.

Latin and English transitive verbs (i.e. verbs that may have a direct object) may be active or passive voice.

An active verb is found when the subject ACTS upon the direct object.

Bob (subject) paints (active verb) the wall (direct object).

A passive verb is found when the subject is PASSIVELY receiving the action (i.e. being acted upon).

The wall (subject) is being painted (passive verb) by Bob (personal agent phrase).

Note that in a passive version of the active sentence the old direct object (wall) becomes the subject, the verb form changes to passive (paints TO is being painted), and the original subject becomes the personal agent expressed in a prepositional phrase (Bob TO by Bob).

PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE

The first passive verb form that you are learning is the perfect passive participle or PPP. Like the present active participle that you have learned it is a VERBAL ADJECTIVE, but it is translated differently ("verbed" or "having been verbed") because it is perfect (i.e. shows earlier time) and passive.

Examples:
Femina nupta virum bene cognoscit.
The married woman knows her husband well.

Lumina sublata alios delectaverunt, alios vexaverunt.
The lights (having been) lifted up* delighted some, (but) annoyed others.
*or "the lights which had been lifted up"

Ablative of Personal Agent

Because Latin and English are very different languages that use different kinds of idioms, we have special names for the individual ways in which Latin cases function so that we can recognize, translate, and understand them.

You have seen ablative of means/intrument which has no preposition in Latin.

He hit me with a sword. Gladio me ferivit.

You have seen ablative of accompaniment for whom you do something with--it has cum in Latin.

They went with Marcus. Cum Marco ierunt.

You have also seen ablative of manner for how you do something--it often has cum, but not always, especially if there is an adjective agreeing with the ablative noun.

I sang loudly (with a great voice). Magna (cum) voce cecini.

Now the ABLATIVE OF AGENT is only found with a passive verb form, including the perfect passive participle. In Latin it has the preposition a or ab + ablative, and it is translated "by ___." It tells by whom something is done.

Examples:
The man having been delighted by me gave me a gift.
Vir a me delectatus* mihi donum dedit.
*Notice the common word order puts the noun and participle on opposite ends of the noun phrase with the ablative of agent ("a me") in the middle.

The soldiers summoned by the king perished.
Miltes a rege arcessiti perierunt.


EXAMPLE VOCAB SENTENCES FOR CH. 30

I delighted the chorus with my gift, a picture of the sun.
Chorum dōnō, pictūrā sōlis, dēlectāvī. (4 vocab words)

The custom of our ancestors was for a younger woman to marry an older man.
Mōs maiorum erat fēminam iuniōrem virō antīquiōrī nūbere. (3 words)

UNUS NAUTA (ONE SAILOR) ADEJECTIVES

Ūter: Which (of two)?
Nullus: None, no
Ullus: Any, some
Sōlus: Only, alone
Neuter: Neither (of two)
Alter: One (of two), other (of two)
Ūterque: Each (of two), both*
Tōtus: Whole, all (of), entire
Alius: One (s.), some (pl.); other (s.), others (pl.)

All the above adjectives are quite common in Latin and are partially irregular. Most of the forms are like 1st and 2nd declension adjectives such as magnus and bonus. However, the genitive singular ending for all 3 genders is –ius and the dative singular for all 3 genders is ī. These gen. and dat. s. endings are like pronouns such as qui, quae, quod and ille, illa, illud (in fact, the adjective alius also has a similar neuter singular nominative and accusative with a –d instead of an m, “aliud”).

NOTES:
The neuter singular accusative utrum can introduce a two-part question with an for the second part.
Utrum veniunt an non?
Are they coming or not? -Notice that we do not translate the utrum in English.
Alter and alius are translated in special ways when they occur twice or more.


Altera femina est bona, altera mala.
One woman (out of two) is good, the other bad.
Alterius liber erat magnus, alterius parvus.
The book of one of them was big, the other's (was) small.
Alios in urbem, alios ad mare misit.
He sent some men into the city, (he sent) others to the sea.