Ablative Absolutes, ch. 37

Ablative absolutes do the same thing as English nominative absolutes.

ENGLISH NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTES

You may have never learned this name before, but you have surely heard some of these absolute phrases such as "that being so" or "this being the case".

Further examples are below. Notice how each main clause still makes sense without the nominative absolutes—enclosed in parentheses—in these English examples:

(The clock striking twelve,) Cinderella fled the ball.
(Their funds exhausted,) they knew one of them had to find a job fast.
(Victory having been accomplished at a terrible price,) the homecoming was bittersweet at best.
(Time running out on the clock,) the quarterback threw a "Hail Mary" pass into the endzone.
(The jury having reached a verdict,) the judge asked the defendant to stand.

Each of the above nominative absolutes sets up the circumstances or situation under which the main clause occurs.

Note that they are called nominative absolutes because you should use the subject case, but this is only apparent in English with pronouns, for example:

(He being strong,) the weighty barrier proved no obstacle.

“He” is correct, though sometimes people will incorrectly say “him” in such instances.

LATIN ABLATIVE ABSOLUTES

Like nominative absolutes, ablative absolutes in Latin are grammatically very loosely connected to the clause in which they occur. “Absolute” here means “unconnected” or “standing by itself.” Mostly ablative absolutes may also be understood as ablatives of cause or ablatives of attendant circumstance.

There are two types of ablative absolutes.

1) Noun/Pronoun + Participle (both in ablative)
Translate the noun or pronoun first and then translate the participle literally.

Marcō ducente, … Marcus leading, …
Quintō laudātō, … Quintus having been praised, …

2) Noun/Pronoun + Noun/Adjective (both in ablative)
Translate the first noun or pronoun, add “being” or “as”, and then translate the second noun or adjective.

Hōc fortissimō, … This man being very brave, …
Virīs mīlitibus, … The men being soldiers, …

WHEN TO USE AN ABSOLUTE

Ablative absolutes are only used when the main noun/pronoun is not found as part of the main clause. If the noun is already found in the main clause, then the participle (or second noun or adjective) simply agrees in gender, number, and case with the first noun.

Examples without absolute:

I followed the man* leading us.
Virum nōs ducentem secūtus sum.
*Man is direct object of main clause, so virum is accusative and ducentem agrees.

I gave a letter to the messenger* going to Athens.
Litterās nuntiō Athenās euntī dedī.
*Messenger is indirect object of main clause, so nuntiō is dative and euntī agrees.

Examples with absolute:

Caesar* being general, we expected that we would win.
Caesare duce, expectāvimus ut vincerēmus.
*Caesar is not part of the main clause, so it becomes part of ablative absolute.

The poem* having been written by Quintus, it was proper to listen.
Carmine ā Quintō scriptō, oportēbat audīre.
*Poem is not part of the main clause, so it becomes part of an absolute.

FANCY TRANSLATIONS LIKE CUM CLAUSES

Participles can be translated like full clauses as we have mentioned before. This is helpful because sometimes literal translations sound odd to us—we don’t use participles nearly as much.

Caesare duce, gaudēbam.
Caesar being general, I rejoiced. = Since/when Caesar was general, I rejoiced.

Urbe dēlētā, bellum non iam finītum est.
The city having been destroyed, the war was not finished yet. = While/although the city had been destroyed, the was was not finished yet.

Cicerone dicente, semper audiunt.
Cicero speaking, they always listen. = If/whenever Cicero speaks, they always listen.

DEPONENT VERBS ch. 36

These verbs are passive in form but active in meaning.
e.g. sequor = I follow, locūtus sum = I spoke

Most forms of the verb are passive but have active meanings. However, the present active participle (and the future active participle which you have not yet learned) are active in form and meaning.

NEW FORMS

Present Passive Infinitive
Normally this form is translated “to be verbed” but with a deponent verb it means “to verb.”
Formation:
1) 2nd prinicipal part
a) minus final e, if not 3rd or 3rd io
b) minus ere, if 3rd or 3rd io
2) add long ī
e.g. loquī = to speak, cōnārī = to try, capī = to be captured, monērī = to be warned

Present Passive Imperatives
Normally this form is translated “Be verbed!” but with a deponent verb it means “Verb!”
Formation:
2nd singular imperative = 2nd prinicipal part, e.g. loquere, monēre, cōnāre
2nd plural imperative = 2nd plural present passive indicative, e.g. loquiminī, amāminī

Examples of Deponent Verbs
Cōnātus discēdere didicī mē non posse.
Having tried to leave, I have learned that I cannot.
Loquere nunc aut semper silē!
Speak now or be quiet forever!
Mortuus sum sed passī sunt eum domum proficiscī.
I died but they allowed him to set out for home.

Results of the Survey on Ch. 30 Sentences

Thanks again to everyone for creating some clever sentences. I post the results from your collected rankings.

And the results for the top 3 are...

1.Joe Strawitz

Puella a choro heri delectata nuper periit.

2. Morgan Burgess

Familia deis potentibus supplicat.

3. Anthony Wishard

Pater meus est antiquus.


My personal favorite, which strangely received no votes, was:

Pater dives et antiquus dono delectatus laetus erat. (Morgan Burgess)

More Subjunctives, Ch. 35

VERBS USED IN EXAMPLE FORMS BELOW

amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus to love, like
moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus to warn, advise
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus to send, throw
cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus to want, desire
mūniō, mūnīre, mūnīvī, mūnītus to build, fortify

PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE

Your book does not include perfect subjunctive in this chapter (35) but I will go ahead and introduce it in order to complete the system. Subjunctive only has four tenses: present, imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect. There are no future or future perfect subjunctive forms.

Perfect and pluperfect subjunctive are, of course, in the perfect system, and so they use the 3rd principal part to form the active voice.

Perfect Active Subjunctive
Formation:
1) 3rd principal part minus the long ī
2) add eri
3) add active endings: m, s, t, mus, tis, nt
*Note: Except for the 1st singular (-erim, instead of -erō) this will look like the future perfect indicative.

All conjugations form this tense the same way. Here are two examples:
amāverim, amāveris, amāverit, amāverimus, amāveritis, amāverint
mīserim, mīseris, mīserit, mīserimus, mīseritis, mīserint

Pluperfect Active Subjunctive
Formation:
1) 3rd principal part minus the long ī
2) add issē
3) add active endings: m, s, t, mus, tis, nt

All conjugations form this tense the same way. Here are two examples:
monuissem, monuissēs, monuisset, monuissēmus, monuissētis, monuissent
mūnīvissem, mūnīvissēs, mūnīvisset, mūnīvissēmus, mūnīvissētis, mūnīvissent

PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVES

The present system (i.e. present and imperfect) passive subjunctives are made the same as the active but with the passive endings r, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur instead of m, s, t, mus, tis, nt.
The perfect system (perfect and pluperfect) passive subjunctives are two word forms, as in the indicative, formed by adding subjunctive forms of the being verb (sum, esse) to the perfect passive participle.

Present Passive Subjunctive (stem vowels from “Let’s beat a giant friar!”)
1st: amer*, amēris, amētur, amēmur, amēminī, amentur*
2nd: monear*, moneāris, moneātur, moneāmur, moneāminī, moneantur*
3rd: mittar*, mittāris, mittātur, mittāmur, mittāminī, mittantur
3rd io: cupiar*, cupiāris, cupiātur, cupiāmur, cupiāminī, cupiantur*
4th: mūniar*, mūniāris, mūniātur, mūniāmur, mūniāminī, mūniantur*
*vowel shortened

Imperfect Passive Subjunctive (2nd principal part + ending)
1st: amārer*, amārēris, amārētur, amārēmur, amārēminī, amārentur*
2nd: monērer*, monērēris, monērētur, monērēmur, monērēminī, monērentur*
3rd: mitterer*, mitterēris, mitterētur, mitterēmur, mitterēminī, mitterentur
3rd io: cuperer*, cuperēris, cuperētur, cuperēmur, cuperēminī, cuperentur*
4th: mūnīrer*, mūnīrēris, mūnīrētur, mūnīrēmur, mūnīrēminī, mūnīrentur*

Perfect Passive Subjunctive
Formation:
1) First word is Perfect Passive Participle*.
2) Second word is sim, sīs, sit, sīmus, sītis, or sint (present subjunctive of sum).
*Remember, as always, to change the participle’s gender and number to agree with the subject.

All conjugations form this tense the same way. Here are two examples:
amātus –a –um sim
amātus –a –um sīs
amātus –a –um sit
amātī –ae –a sīmus
amātī –ae –a sītis
amātī –ae –a sint

mūnītus –a –um sim
mūnītus –a –um sīs
mūnītus –a –um sit
mūnītī –ae –a sīmus
mūnītī –ae –a sītis
mūnītī –ae –a sint

Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive
Formation:
1) First word is Perfect Passive Participle*.
2) Second word is essem, essēs, esset, essēmus, essētis, essent (imperfect subjunctive of sum).
*Remember, as always, to change the participle’s gender and number to agree with the subject.

All conjugations form this tense the same way. Here are two examples:
monitus –a –um essem
monitus –a –um essēs
monitus –a –um esset
monitī –ae –a essēmus
monitī –ae –a essētis
monitī –ae –a essent

missus –a –um essem
missus –a –um essēs
missus –a –um esset
missī –ae –a essēmus
missī –ae –a essētis
missī –ae –a essent

INDIRECT COMMANDS

Indirect commands occur with many verbs of asking, ordering, advising, persuading, etc.

In Latin clauses of indirect command start with ut or nē (if negative) and have a subjunctive verb that is almost always present (in primary sequence) or imperfect (in secondary sequence) tense. However, iubeō (bid, order) and vetō (forbid, order…not) take an infinitive instead of a clause of indirect command—thus iubeō = imperō ut and vetō = imperō nē.

Unlike purpose clauses which answer the question “for what purpose?”—an indirect command clause tells simply “what” is being ordered or advised.

Examples:
Nōs monuit ut canerēmus.
He advised/warned us to sing. / He advised us that we (should) sing.
Vōbīs persuadēbunt nē eātis.
They will persuade you not to go. / They will persuade you that you (should) not go.

Imperāvit mihi ut discēderem.
He ordered me to leave. / He ordered that I (should) leave.
Imperat tibi nē maneās.
He is ordering you not to stay.

Note in the last two examples that the same meaning can be accomplished with iubeō or vetō and an infintive.
Iussit mē discēdere. = He ordered me to leave.
Vetat tē manēre. = He is ordering you not to stay.

CUM CLAUSES

Cum clauses are of several types. Cum with the indicative mood should usually be translated as “when” or “whenever” (occasionally with perfect system tenses), and such cum clauses are often called Temporal because they refer to time. Three types of cum clauses that use subjunctive are:

1) Circumstantial: Still translated with “when” but indicates that the connection between clauses is more than just temporal—it is circumstantial or situational, i.e. there is a meaningful relationship between the event in the cum clause and the event in the main clause.

2) Causal: Translated with “since” or “because.” Cum causal clauses tell the reason or cause for the main clause.

3) Concessive (Adversative): Translated with “although.” Cum concessive clauses tell a contrary fact in spite of which the main clause nevertheless occurs. The main clause in Latin may have a word like tamen (nevertheless, still) or nihilominus (nonetheless).

Note: The subjunctive in these clauses will follow the sequence of tenses. Cum circumstantial will typically only use subjunctive verbs in secondary tenses.

Sequence of Tenses

If main clause verb is primary (refers to present or future, not to past),
then the subjunctive verb is…
present if it shows the same or later time than the main verb.
perfect if it shows earlier time than the main verb.
If main clause verb is secondary (refers to past time),
then the subjunctive verb is…
imperfect if it shows the same or later time than the main verb.
pluperfect if it shows earlier time than the main verb.

EXAMPLES:

Hōc cum ita sit*, discēdam. *pres. subj. = same time as primary main verb
Since this is so, I will leave. (causal)

Cum malus esset*, tamen eum non ōderam. *impf. subj. = same time as secondary main verb
Although he was bad, still I did not hate him. (concessive)

Cum id fēcisset*, illum laudāvimus. * plup. subj. = earlier time than secondary main verb
When he had done it, we praised him. (circumstantial)

SOME EXAMPLES OF PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVES

Utinam nē caperēmur*! (I wish) that we were not being captured!
*imperfect pass. subj. in optative main clause

Discēdit nē capiātur*. He is leaving so that he may not be caught/captured.
*pres. pass. subj. in purpose clause

Persuasērunt mihi ut pons aedificārētur*. They persuaded me that the bridge should be built.
*impf. pass. subj. in indirect command clause

Cum moenia urbis fracta essent*, populī tamen virtūs nōn fracta est. Although the walls of the city had been broken, nevertheless, the people’s courage was not broken.
*plup. pass. subj. in cum concessive clause

Cum bellum ita gessum sit*, hostēs certē vincēmus. Since the war has been waged thus, we will surely conquer the enemy.
*perf. pass. subj. in cum causal clause

Present and Imperfect Subjunctive Forms and Translations

Below I use these verbs for examples:
amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus
moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus
cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventus

SUBJUNCTIVE
Subjunctive is a mood. Other moods in Latin are indicative (regular verbs of statements and questions) and imperative (verb forms used in commands). Infinitives are sometimes called a separate mood, though technically they are something completely different. The subjunctive mood exists in English too, thouh as with other English verb forms, it is often expressed with a helping verb or modal verb. Here are some examples of modal verbs used to translate subjunctives: may, might, would, and should, as well as sometimes can, could, will, and shall.

What they do…
Subjunctives are typically used to show things like possibility/probability, wishes, and advice or suggestions.

English examples:
Let it be.
May the Force be with you!
That may be.
Be that as it may.
If I were king, I would eat cake all day long.

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE
Let’s beat a giant friar/liar!
The above sentence does two things.

1) It reminds us of one way to translate the present subjunctive.
Let subject verb! e.g. Videat! = Let him/her see!
2) It reminds us of which vowels are used for the present subjunctive by each conjugation.
1st = e, 2nd = ea, 3rd = a, 3rd & 4th = ia

Formation:
To make the present subjunctive you…
1) get the present stem (2nd principal part minus re)
2) replace the final vowel with the new vowel(s) for present subjunctive.
*Note: The last subjunctive vowel is treated as long.
3) then add the active personal endings: m, s, t, mus, tis, nt.
*Note: Final m, r, and t always shorten the preceding vowel, and nt shortens the preceding vowel anywhere in the word.

1st: amem*, amēs, amet*, amēmus, amētis, ament*
2nd: moneam*, moneās, moneat*, moneāmus, moneātis, moneant*
3rd: mittam*, mittās, mittat*, mittāmus, mittātis, mittant
3rd io: cupiam*, cupiās, cupiat*, cupiāmus, cupiātis, cupiant*
4th: veniam*, veniās, veniat*, veniāmus, veniātis, veniant*
*vowel shortened

IMPERFECT ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Formation:
1) get the 2nd principal part (present active infinitive)
2) lengthen the final e
3) then add the active personal endings: m, s, t, mus, tis, nt.

1st: amārem*, amārēs, amāret*, amārēmus, amārētis, amārent*
2nd: monērem*, monērēs, monēret*, monērēmus, monērētis, monērent*
3rd: mitterem*, mitterēs, mitteret*, mitterēmus, mitterētis, mitterent
3rd io: cuperem*, cuperēs, cuperet*, cuperēmus, cuperētis, cuperent*
4th: venīrem*, venīrēs, venīret*, venīrēmus, venīrētis, venīrent*

INDEPENDENT OR MAIN CLAUSE SUBJUNCTIVES
Three types are introduced here.

Jussive (or hortatory) subjunctive is used for mild or polite commands. In English we translate with “let.”
Veniat! Let him come! Eāmus! Let’s go!

Optative subjunctive is used for wishes. In Latin there will often be an utinam in the clause. We translate with “May” as the first word or add “Would that…!” or “I wish…” to the beginning of the clause.
(Utinam) Vīs tēcum sit! May the Force be with you! (Utinam) discederet! I wish he were leaving!

Potential subjunctive is used to expressed possibilities. It is translated with helping verbs like may, might, can, could, and would.
Crēderēs mihi. You would/could/might believe me. Fortasse mox veniat. Perhaps he may come soon.

PURPOSE CLAUSES

A purpose clause tells “why?” or “for what purpose?” something is done. In English they start with “so that” or “in order that” and may/will or might/would. In English purpose may also be expressed with a purpose infinitive (which Latin does not have). An English infinitive of purpose is sometimes introduced by “in order” or “so as”, e.g.: “I left (so as) to escape notice.”
In Latin, purpose clauses start with ut or nē (if negative), and the verb is subjunctive mood, present, if in primary sequence, and imperfect, if in secondary sequence.

How to Tell Sequence

All past tense indicative verbs are secondary.
All present, future, and future perfect indicative verbs as well as all imperatives are primary.
Perfect tense may be treated either as primary (only when translated “has/have verbed”) or secondary.

EXAMPLES
I came so that I might/would see him. = I came to see (purpose infinitive) him.
Vēnī ut eum vidērem*.
*imperfect subjunctive in secondary sequence
You are coming (in order) to help. = You are coming so that you may/will help.
Venis ut adiuvēs*.
*present subjunctive in primary sequence
He had left so that I would not see him. = He had left in order for me not to see him.
Discesserat nē eum vidērem*.
*imperfect subjunctive in secondary sequence

Present System Passives

I show below how to make the passive forms for each of the following verbs.

amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus to love, like
moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus to warn, advise
dūcō, dūcere, duxī, ductus to lead, draw/pull; consider
capiō, capere, cēpī, captus to take, seize, capture
audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītus to hear, listen

Present Passive

Endings: r, ris(re), tur, mur, minī, ntur
Stem: normally 2nd principal part minus re (but watch out for irregularities in 3rd-4th)

NOTES: First singular is first principal part plus r; final r shortens the long ō.
A short i turns into e before an r. There is an extra i before untur in 3rd io and 4th.

Translation: am/are/is verbed, is being verbed

amor (amō + r)
amāris
amātur
amāmur
amāminī
amantur (stem vowel shortened by nt)

moneor (moneō + r)
monēris
monētur
monēmur
monēminī
monentur (stem vowel shortened by nt)

dūcor (dūcō + r)
dūceris (short i turns to short e before r, contrast long e in future)
dūcitur
dūcimur
dūciminī
dūcuntur

capior (capiō + r)
caperis (short i turns to short e before r)
capitur
capimur
capiminī
capiuntur (Note: iuntur, not intur or untur)

audior (audiō + r)
audīris
audītur
audīmur
audīminī
audiuntur (Note: iuntur, not just intur)

Imperfect Passive

Endings: r, ris(re), tur, mur, minī, ntur
Stem: present stem (with –ie- instead for 3rd io and 4th) plus bā

Translation: was/were verbed, was being verbed

amābar (stem vowel shortened by final r)
amābāris
amābātur
amābāmur
amābāminī
amābantur (stem vowel shortened by nt)

monēbar (stem vowel shortened by final r)
monēbāris
monēbātur
monēbāmur
monēbāminī
monēbantur (stem vowel shortened by nt)

dūcēbar (stem vowel shortened by final r)
dūcēbāris
dūcēbātur
dūcēbāmur
dūcēbāminī
dūcēbantur (stem vowel shortened by nt)

capiēbar (stem vowel shortened by final r)
capiēbāris
capiēbātur
capiēbāmur
capiēbāminī
capiēbantur (stem vowel shortened by nt)

audiēbar (stem vowel shortened by final r)
audiēbāris
audiēbātur
audiēbāmur
audiēbāminī
audiēbantur (stem vowel shortened by nt)

Future Passive

Endings: r, ris(re), tur, mur, minī, ntur
Stem:
1) for 1st and 2nd conjugation, present stem + bō, bi, bu
2) For 3rd, 3rd io, and 4th use these vowels, a (1st sing.) and ē (all other persons and numbers); 3rd io and 4th have an i before the final vowel.

NOTES: A short i turns into e before an r.

Translation: will/shall be verbed, will be being verbed

amābor (bō shortened by final r)
amāberis (short i turns to short e before r)
amābitur
amābimur
amābiminī
amābuntur

monēbor (bō shortened by final r)
monēberis (short i turns to short e before r)
monēbitur
monēbimur
monēbiminī
monēbuntur

dūcar
dūcēris (long e in future, short in present)
dūcētur
dūcēmur
dūcēminī
dūcentur (ē shortened by nt)

capiar
capiēris
capiētur
capiēmur
capiēminī
capientur (ē shortened by nt)

audiar
audiēris
audiētur
audiēmur
audiēminī
audientur (ē shortened by nt)

Vocabulary Sentences for Ch. 30

Here is a list of those vocabulary sentences which were perfect not only in grammar but also in use of normal Latin word order. Many more sentences were grammatically correct or nearly so and used understandable, if not normal, word order, and they too deserve praise. Congrats to everyone for creativity.

This exercise should show you that you have much more to learn about Latin--after all that is why you are in the class--, but I am generally pleased with your performance.

Grades were based on how many sentences you got completely correct (at least grammatically) as well as on how complex they were.

PERFECT SENTENCES

Morgan Burgess

Familia deis potentibus supplicat.
Pater dives et antiquus dono delectatus laetus erat.
Decimus Horatiam post nuptias sustulit et eam super limen portavit.

Joe Strawitz

Puella a choro heri delectata nuper periit.
Diviti feminae nupsi*.
*Same sex marriage, since nubere must have a woman as the subject.

Andrew Coons

Dona luminis solis sentio.
Chorum per limen arcesso.

Anthony Wishard

Pater meus est antiquus.
Horatia Decimo nupsit.

Eliza Liu

Deis supplicat.
Choro arcessito donum dedi.

E Howser

Est mos maiorum donum soli dare.

Nick Hubner

Heri super limen Horatiam sustuli.

Graham Gibson

Me propter nuptias heri gessi.

Matt Naiman

Heri chorum arcessivi.

Lauren Bejzak

Flaccus est aequus.

Mike Weil

Mox periero.

PERFECT SYSTEM PASSIVES, ch. 31

We talk about present system and perfect system in Latin because present system verbs (present, imperfect, future) are made from the first 2 principal parts, while perfect system verbs (perfect, pluperfect, future perfect) are made from the last 2 principal parts.

The perfect active system which you already know is formed from the 3rd principal minus the ī and plus the endings. For perfect (also called present perfect), you use ī, istī, it, imus, istis, ērunt; for pluperfect (also called past perfect), you use eram, erās, erat, erāmus, erātis, erant; for future perfect, you use erō, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erint.

The new PERFECT PASSIVE SYSTEM uses the 4th principal part (also known as the perfect passive participle) with a separate form of sum. The 4th principal part or perfect passive participle will agree in gender, number and case (nominative) with the subject of the clause.

Perfect Passive Indicative

Translation: has/have been verbed, was/were verbed

English examples: He has been loved. or He was loved.
The girls were praised. or The girls have been praised.
Latin: Amātus est. Puellae laudatae sunt.

Form: 4th principal part (agreeing with subject) + present tense of sum

Forms of ...has/have been led
ductus, -a, -um sum
ductus, -a, -um es
ductus, -a, -um est
ductī, -ae, -a sumus
ductī, -ae, -a estis
ductī, -ae, -a sunt

Pluperfect Passive Indicative

Translation: had been verbed

English examples: He had been loved. The girls had been praised.
Latin: Amātus erat. Puellae laudatae erant.

Form: 4th principal part (agreeing with subject) + imperfect tense of sum

Forms of ...had been led
ductus, -a, -um eram
ductus, -a, -um erās
ductus, -a, -um erat
ductī, -ae, -a erāmus
ductī, -ae, -a erātis
ductī, -ae, -a erant

Future Perfect Passive Indicative

Translation: will have been verbed

English examples: He will have been loved. The girls will have been praised.
Latin: Amātus erit. Puellae laudatae erunt.

Form: 4th principal part (agreeing with subject) + future tense of sum

Forms of ...will have been led
ductus, -a, -um erō
ductus, -a, -um eris
ductus, -a, -um erit
ductī, -ae, -a erimus
ductī, -ae, -a eritis
ductī, -ae, -a erunt

SENTENCE EXAMPLES:
Notice how each participle agrees in gender, number, and case with the subject.

Dōna ā rege data erant.
The gifts had been given by the king.

Lībertās ab omnibus laudāta est.
Freedom was praised (or “has been praised”) by everyone.

Iuvenēs ā magistrō doctī erunt.
The young men will have been taught (one day in the future) by the teacher.

PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE AND ABLATIVE OF AGENT

PASSIVE VOICE

What is "voice" when we talk about verbs?

First, let's distinguish between transitive and intransitive verbs.

A transitive verb may have a direct object, and an intransitive verb does not (and often cannot) have a direct object.

Latin and English transitive verbs (i.e. verbs that may have a direct object) may be active or passive voice.

An active verb is found when the subject ACTS upon the direct object.

Bob (subject) paints (active verb) the wall (direct object).

A passive verb is found when the subject is PASSIVELY receiving the action (i.e. being acted upon).

The wall (subject) is being painted (passive verb) by Bob (personal agent phrase).

Note that in a passive version of the active sentence the old direct object (wall) becomes the subject, the verb form changes to passive (paints TO is being painted), and the original subject becomes the personal agent expressed in a prepositional phrase (Bob TO by Bob).

PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE

The first passive verb form that you are learning is the perfect passive participle or PPP. Like the present active participle that you have learned it is a VERBAL ADJECTIVE, but it is translated differently ("verbed" or "having been verbed") because it is perfect (i.e. shows earlier time) and passive.

Examples:
Femina nupta virum bene cognoscit.
The married woman knows her husband well.

Lumina sublata alios delectaverunt, alios vexaverunt.
The lights (having been) lifted up* delighted some, (but) annoyed others.
*or "the lights which had been lifted up"

Ablative of Personal Agent

Because Latin and English are very different languages that use different kinds of idioms, we have special names for the individual ways in which Latin cases function so that we can recognize, translate, and understand them.

You have seen ablative of means/intrument which has no preposition in Latin.

He hit me with a sword. Gladio me ferivit.

You have seen ablative of accompaniment for whom you do something with--it has cum in Latin.

They went with Marcus. Cum Marco ierunt.

You have also seen ablative of manner for how you do something--it often has cum, but not always, especially if there is an adjective agreeing with the ablative noun.

I sang loudly (with a great voice). Magna (cum) voce cecini.

Now the ABLATIVE OF AGENT is only found with a passive verb form, including the perfect passive participle. In Latin it has the preposition a or ab + ablative, and it is translated "by ___." It tells by whom something is done.

Examples:
The man having been delighted by me gave me a gift.
Vir a me delectatus* mihi donum dedit.
*Notice the common word order puts the noun and participle on opposite ends of the noun phrase with the ablative of agent ("a me") in the middle.

The soldiers summoned by the king perished.
Miltes a rege arcessiti perierunt.


EXAMPLE VOCAB SENTENCES FOR CH. 30

I delighted the chorus with my gift, a picture of the sun.
Chorum dōnō, pictūrā sōlis, dēlectāvī. (4 vocab words)

The custom of our ancestors was for a younger woman to marry an older man.
Mōs maiorum erat fēminam iuniōrem virō antīquiōrī nūbere. (3 words)

UNUS NAUTA (ONE SAILOR) ADEJECTIVES

Ūter: Which (of two)?
Nullus: None, no
Ullus: Any, some
Sōlus: Only, alone
Neuter: Neither (of two)
Alter: One (of two), other (of two)
Ūterque: Each (of two), both*
Tōtus: Whole, all (of), entire
Alius: One (s.), some (pl.); other (s.), others (pl.)

All the above adjectives are quite common in Latin and are partially irregular. Most of the forms are like 1st and 2nd declension adjectives such as magnus and bonus. However, the genitive singular ending for all 3 genders is –ius and the dative singular for all 3 genders is ī. These gen. and dat. s. endings are like pronouns such as qui, quae, quod and ille, illa, illud (in fact, the adjective alius also has a similar neuter singular nominative and accusative with a –d instead of an m, “aliud”).

NOTES:
The neuter singular accusative utrum can introduce a two-part question with an for the second part.
Utrum veniunt an non?
Are they coming or not? -Notice that we do not translate the utrum in English.
Alter and alius are translated in special ways when they occur twice or more.


Altera femina est bona, altera mala.
One woman (out of two) is good, the other bad.
Alterius liber erat magnus, alterius parvus.
The book of one of them was big, the other's (was) small.
Alios in urbem, alios ad mare misit.
He sent some men into the city, (he sent) others to the sea.