Ch. 38 Excellent Sentences, NOW RANKED

*NEW*
Results are in from the survey. Here are the rankings:

1) Two-way tie:

Joe Strawitz
Gladium cum difficultate abieci.

Andrew Coons
Aliquando futura dira agnosco.

2) Lauren Bejzak
Horatia immemor Scintillae est.

3) Five-way tie:

Matt Naiman (all 3 sentences ranked the same)
Ego difficultatem agnosco.
Aliquando Kyle feminas noctu complectitur.
Kyle feminas gladio prodet.

Joe Strawitz
Aliquando noctu cubo et vallum intueor.

Anthony Wishard
Periculum dirum agnosco.


My three favorite sentences were picked by no one.

Kyle Rhoads
Immemor periculi, Spartacus vitam abiecit.

Alyssa Walker
Futura complectar, bellorum memor.
Aliquando, difficultatis immemor, cubo.



These sentences have the best Latin in respect to grammar, idiom, and word order. Rank your favorite three and translate them for next Wednesday (March 10).

Lauren Bejzak

Horatia immemor Scintillae est.


Morgan Burgess

Futura complector ne dira sint.
Aliquando caelum noctu intueor.


Clay Clements

Puer cubuit.


Andrew Coons

Aliquando futura dira agnosco.


James Dormer

Futura ruris quam primum complector.


Elizabeth Harkinson

Est rusticus.


Eliza Liu

Noctu ego cubans valla intueor.
Quintus domi memor patriam non prodit.
Puer librum abiecit.


Matt Naiman

Ego difficultatem agnosco.
Aliquando Kyle feminas noctu complectitur.
Kyle feminas gladio prodet.
Kyle feminarum memor est.


Kyle Rhoads

Quam primum Iulium Caesarem Bruto prodam.
Immemor periculi, Spartacus vitam abiecit.
Diri hostes rusticos viros oppugnaverant.


Joe Strawitz

Aliquando noctu cubo et vallum intueor.
Gladium cum difficultate abieci.


Alyssa Walker

Futura complectar, bellorum memor.
Aliquando, difficultatis immemor, cubo.
Rusticum vallum rure agnosco.
Rus dirum intueor.
Quam primum paulum cotidie abicio.


Mike Weil

Horatia est ruri.


Anthony Wishard

Futura quam primum complector.
Periculum dirum agnosco.
Vallum rusticum intueor.

Semi-deponent verbs & Synopses

SEMI-DEPONENT VERBS

Semi-deponent verbs, like deponent verbs, are missing some of their forms. The most common semi-deponent verbs are those which have only active forms in the present system (present, imperfect, and future) and only passive forms in the perfect system (perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect).

You should also know that some irregular verbs such as sum, possum, volo, malo, nolo, and eo are virtually always active--the opposite of regular deponent verbs which only have passive forms. A few other verbs such as memini, odi, and coepi only have perfect system forms, no present, imperfect, or future.

CASE USES

Ablative object of a verb (no preposition in Latin)

Librō ūtēbāris. You were using a book.
Cēnā fructī erant. They had enjoyed dinner.

Ablative of comparison (with comparative adjective or adverb)
Marcus Luciō altior est. Marcus is taller than Lucius.
Cicerō Balbō celerius cucurrit. Cicero ran faster than Balbus.

Ablative of measure/degree of difference
Multō longius Romam quam Athēnās erat. It was much further to Rome than to Athens.
Caesar paulō melior quam Pompeius est. Caesar is a little bit better than Pompey.

Ablative of (specific) price
Quinque denariīs pictūram ēmī. I bought the painting for 5 denarii.
MM sestertiīs casam vendidī. I sold the little house for 2000 sesterces.

Genitive of (indefinite) value
With these verbs meaning hold, consider, estimate, …
habeo, putō, faciō, dūcō, …
Eam magnī, eum parvī habeo. I consider her worth a lot, him worth a little.
Tē maximī aestimās. You value yourself very highly. (…worth very much)

Ablative of origin (related to ablative of separation)
Vir genere vetere est. He is a man of an old family.
Aeneas deā natus est. Aeneas was born of a goddess.



SYNOPSES

Synopses are lists of all the finite (indicative & subjunctive) forms of a verb in a certain person and number, such as all the 1st person singular forms. When I ask you to do synopses, I will often ask for other forms such as infinitives and participles although these forms have no person (i.e. are not 1st, 2nd, or 3rd person).

xxx indicates a form that does not exist for this particular verb.
xxxxxxxx indicates a form that you have not learned yet.

T/V/M	fīō 3rd pl.	possum 1st pl.
Pres Act Ind	fīunt	possumus
Pres Pas Ind	xxx	xxx
Impf Act Ind	fīēbant	poterāmus
Impf Pas Ind	xxx	xxx
Fut Act Ind	fīent	poterimus
Fut Pas Ind	xxx	xxx
Perf Act Ind	xxx	potuimus
Perf Pas Ind	factī sunt	xxx
Plpf Act Ind	xxx	potuerāmus
Plpf Pas Ind	factī erant	xxx
Fpf Act Ind	xxx	potuerimus
Fpf Pas Ind	factī erunt	xxx
Pres Act Sub	fīant	possīmus
Pres Pas Sub	xxx	xxx
Impf Act Sub	fierent	possēmus
Impf Pas Sub	xxx	xxx
Perf Act Sub	xxx	potuerimus
Perf Pas Sub	factī sint	xxx
Plpf Act Sub	xxx	potuissēmus
Plpf Pas Sub	factī essent	xxx
Pres Act Inf	xxx	posse
Pres Pas Inf	fierī	xxx
Perf Act Inf	xxxxxxxx	xxxxxxxx
Perf Pas Inf	xxxxxxxx	xxxxxxxx
Fut Act Inf	xxxxxxxx	xxxxxxxx
Pas Peri Inf	xxxxxxxx	xxxxxxxx
Prs Act Part	xxx	potens
Pf Pas Part	factus	xxx
Fut Act Part	xxx	xxx
Fut Pas Part	xxxxxxxx	xxxxxxxx

INDIRECT QUESTIONS, ch. 39

Below I use these verbs for examples:
amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus
mūniō, mūnīre, mūnīvī, mūnītus

I have already introduced the perfect subjunctive forms but here they are again because now you are expected to learn them.

Perfect Active Subjunctive
Formation:
1) 3rd principal part minus the long ī
2) add eri
3) add active endings: m, s, t, mus, tis, nt
*Note: Except for the 1st singular (-erim, instead of -erō) this will look like the future perfect indicative.

All conjugations form this tense the same way. Here are two examples:
amāverim, amāveris, amāverit, amāverimus, amāveritis, amāverint
mīserim, mīseris, mīserit, mīserimus, mīseritis, mīserint

Perfect Passive Subjunctive
Formation:
1) First word is Perfect Passive Participle*.
2) Second word is sim, sīs, sit, sīmus, sītis, or sint (present subjunctive of sum).
*Remember, as always, to change the participle’s gender and number to agree with the subject.

All conjugations form this tense the same way. Here are two examples:
amātus –a –um sim
amātus –a –um sīs
amātus –a –um sit
amātī –ae –a sīmus
amātī –ae –a sītis
amātī –ae –a sint

mūnītus –a –um sim
mūnītus –a –um sīs
mūnītus –a –um sit
mūnītī –ae –a sīmus
mūnītī –ae –a sītis
mūnītī –ae –a sint


INDIRECT QUESTIONS

Indirect questions are questions that have been subordinated or made dependent on a main clause verb such as say, ask, think, etc. In English indirect questions, word order and the person of the verb are often changed. In Latin the verb of the indirect questions becomes subjunctive following sequence of tenses.

Note: If the original Latin question’s verb was future tense, then you should use the future active participle (FAP) with the present (if primary) or the imperfect (if secondary) subjunctive of sum.

Any question word may introduce an indirect question. The usual word used to start a typical yes/no indirect question is num, which does not expect a negative answer as it does when introducing a direct question. Utrum introduces the first part of a series of indirect questions, and an or necne (if negative) introduces the second or later parts of the series.

Direct Questions

Venitne? Is she coming?
Ībisne Romam? Will you go to Rome?
Capiēbāminīne? Were you (pl.) captured?
Utrum vincēmus an non? Will we win or not?

Sequence of Tenses in Indirect Questions
(1st chart by type of subjunctive, 2nd by active translation, 3rd by passive translation)

Sequence	Earlier	Same	Later
Primary	perf.	pres.	FAP + sim
Secondary	plup.	impf.	FAP + essem
Sequence	Earlier	Same	Later
Primary	has verbed/verbed	verbs, is verbing	will verb, is going to verb
Secondary	had verbed	verbed, was verbing	would verb, was going to verb
Sequence	Earlier	Same	Later
Primary	has been verbed, was verbed	is (being) verbed	will be verbed, is going to be verbed
Secondary	had been verbed	was (being) verbed	would be verbed, was going to be verbed

Indirect Questions after primary main verb

Rogō num veniat (pres. subj. shows same relative time). I am asking whether she is coming.
Rogō num Rōmam ītūrus sīs (fut. act. part. with sīs shows later time). I am asking whether you will (or “are going to”) go to Rome.
Rogō num captī sītis (perf. subj. shows earlier relative time). I am asking whether you were captured.
Rogant utrum victūrī sint* necne. They are asking whether they will win or not.
*Notice change in the person of the verb because of the main verb's subject being the same.


Indirect Questions after secondary main verb

Rogāvit num venīret (impf. subj. shows same relative time). He asked whether she was coming.
Rogāvit num Rōmam ītūrus essēs (fut. act. part. with essēs shows later time). He asked whether you would (or “were going to”) go to Rome.
Rogāvit num captī essētis (plup. subj. shows earlier relative time). He asked whether you had been captured.
Rogāverant utrum victūrī essent* necne. They had asked whether they would win or not.
*Notice change in the person of the verb because of the main verb's subject being the same.

FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE, ch. 38

Participles are verbal adjectives. Like adjectives they have gender, number, and case; like verbs they have tense and voice. The tense of a participle (or an infinitive) displays relative time.


The Future Active Participle is made from the supine (4th principal part).

Formation:
1) Get 4th principal part (or perfect passive participle from last principal part if deponent).
2) Take off the ending whether –um or –us.
3) Add –ūrus*.
*Note: The –us on the end will decline 1st and 2nd declension like bonus –a –um.

Translation:
about to verb, going to verb

amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus to love, like
1) amātum
2) amāt
3) amātūrus = going to love
moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus to warn, advise
1) monitum
2) monit
3) monitūrus = going to warn
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missus to send, throw
1) missum
2) miss
3) missūrus = going to send
cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus to want, desire
1) cupītum
2) cupīt
3) cupītūrus = going to want
mūniō, mūnīre, mūnīvī, mūnītus to build, fortify
1) mūnītum
2) mūnīt
3) mūnītūrus = going to fortify

Example Deponent Verb

loquor, loquī, locūtus sum to speak, talk
1) locūtus (from last principal part)
2) locūt
3) locūtūrus = going to speak


Chart of relative translations for participles (and infinitives)

Type of participle: Translation with Primary Main Verb / Translation with Past Main Verb

Present Active: is verbing / was verbing
Perfect Passive: has been verbed / had been verbed
Future Active: is going to verb / was going to verb

Magistrō docente, discipulī audiunt.
Magistrō docente, discipulī audīvērunt.

Discipulīs doctīs, magister docēre cessat.
Discipulīs doctīs, magister docēre cessāvit.

Magistrō docitūrō, discipulī audiunt.
Magistrō docitūrō, discipulī audīvērunt.

Ablative Absolutes, ch. 37

Ablative absolutes do the same thing as English nominative absolutes.

ENGLISH NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTES

You may have never learned this name before, but you have surely heard some of these absolute phrases such as "that being so" or "this being the case".

Further examples are below. Notice how each main clause still makes sense without the nominative absolutes—enclosed in parentheses—in these English examples:

(The clock striking twelve,) Cinderella fled the ball.
(Their funds exhausted,) they knew one of them had to find a job fast.
(Victory having been accomplished at a terrible price,) the homecoming was bittersweet at best.
(Time running out on the clock,) the quarterback threw a "Hail Mary" pass into the endzone.
(The jury having reached a verdict,) the judge asked the defendant to stand.

Each of the above nominative absolutes sets up the circumstances or situation under which the main clause occurs.

Note that they are called nominative absolutes because you should use the subject case, but this is only apparent in English with pronouns, for example:

(He being strong,) the weighty barrier proved no obstacle.

“He” is correct, though sometimes people will incorrectly say “him” in such instances.

LATIN ABLATIVE ABSOLUTES

Like nominative absolutes, ablative absolutes in Latin are grammatically very loosely connected to the clause in which they occur. “Absolute” here means “unconnected” or “standing by itself.” Mostly ablative absolutes may also be understood as ablatives of cause or ablatives of attendant circumstance.

There are two types of ablative absolutes.

1) Noun/Pronoun + Participle (both in ablative)
Translate the noun or pronoun first and then translate the participle literally.

Marcō ducente, … Marcus leading, …
Quintō laudātō, … Quintus having been praised, …

2) Noun/Pronoun + Noun/Adjective (both in ablative)
Translate the first noun or pronoun, add “being” or “as”, and then translate the second noun or adjective.

Hōc fortissimō, … This man being very brave, …
Virīs mīlitibus, … The men being soldiers, …

WHEN TO USE AN ABSOLUTE

Ablative absolutes are only used when the main noun/pronoun is not found as part of the main clause. If the noun is already found in the main clause, then the participle (or second noun or adjective) simply agrees in gender, number, and case with the first noun.

Examples without absolute:

I followed the man* leading us.
Virum nōs ducentem secūtus sum.
*Man is direct object of main clause, so virum is accusative and ducentem agrees.

I gave a letter to the messenger* going to Athens.
Litterās nuntiō Athenās euntī dedī.
*Messenger is indirect object of main clause, so nuntiō is dative and euntī agrees.

Examples with absolute:

Caesar* being general, we expected that we would win.
Caesare duce, expectāvimus ut vincerēmus.
*Caesar is not part of the main clause, so it becomes part of ablative absolute.

The poem* having been written by Quintus, it was proper to listen.
Carmine ā Quintō scriptō, oportēbat audīre.
*Poem is not part of the main clause, so it becomes part of an absolute.

FANCY TRANSLATIONS LIKE CUM CLAUSES

Participles can be translated like full clauses as we have mentioned before. This is helpful because sometimes literal translations sound odd to us—we don’t use participles nearly as much.

Caesare duce, gaudēbam.
Caesar being general, I rejoiced. = Since/when Caesar was general, I rejoiced.

Urbe dēlētā, bellum non iam finītum est.
The city having been destroyed, the war was not finished yet. = While/although the city had been destroyed, the was was not finished yet.

Cicerone dicente, semper audiunt.
Cicero speaking, they always listen. = If/whenever Cicero speaks, they always listen.

DEPONENT VERBS ch. 36

These verbs are passive in form but active in meaning.
e.g. sequor = I follow, locūtus sum = I spoke

Most forms of the verb are passive but have active meanings. However, the present active participle (and the future active participle which you have not yet learned) are active in form and meaning.

NEW FORMS

Present Passive Infinitive
Normally this form is translated “to be verbed” but with a deponent verb it means “to verb.”
Formation:
1) 2nd prinicipal part
a) minus final e, if not 3rd or 3rd io
b) minus ere, if 3rd or 3rd io
2) add long ī
e.g. loquī = to speak, cōnārī = to try, capī = to be captured, monērī = to be warned

Present Passive Imperatives
Normally this form is translated “Be verbed!” but with a deponent verb it means “Verb!”
Formation:
2nd singular imperative = 2nd prinicipal part, e.g. loquere, monēre, cōnāre
2nd plural imperative = 2nd plural present passive indicative, e.g. loquiminī, amāminī

Examples of Deponent Verbs
Cōnātus discēdere didicī mē non posse.
Having tried to leave, I have learned that I cannot.
Loquere nunc aut semper silē!
Speak now or be quiet forever!
Mortuus sum sed passī sunt eum domum proficiscī.
I died but they allowed him to set out for home.

Results of the Survey on Ch. 30 Sentences

Thanks again to everyone for creating some clever sentences. I post the results from your collected rankings.

And the results for the top 3 are...

1.Joe Strawitz

Puella a choro heri delectata nuper periit.

2. Morgan Burgess

Familia deis potentibus supplicat.

3. Anthony Wishard

Pater meus est antiquus.


My personal favorite, which strangely received no votes, was:

Pater dives et antiquus dono delectatus laetus erat. (Morgan Burgess)