qui,quae, quod

CHART OF FORMS

m.s.	f.s.	n. s.
quī	quae	quod
cuius	cuius	cuius
cui	cui	cui
quem	quam	quod
quō	quā	quō
m.pl.	f.pl.	n. pl.
quī	quae	quae
quōrum	quārum	quōrum
quibus	quibus	quibus
quōs	quās	quae
quibus	quibus	quibus

Relative pronouns are used to introduce relative clauses. The antecedent of a relative pronoun is the word to which it refers. Relative pronouns agree with their antecedent in gender and number, but their case comes from their function in their own clause. Translation is “who”, “whose”, or “whom” (depending on the case/function) or alternately “which” (especially for things).
Example:
The man whom you saw is our captain.
“whom you saw” is the relative clause.
“whom” is the relative pronoun, and “man” is its antecendent.
Vir quem vidisti est nauclerus* noster. *”ship captain”
“quem vidisti” is the relative clause.
“quem” is the relative pronoun and is masculine singular to agree with its antecedent “vir” and is accusative because it is direct object of its own relative clause.

When the relative pronoun refers to a person or persons, use "who" if it is a subject, "whose" if possessive, and "whom" for any kind of object (d.o., i.o., obj. of preposition). If the relative pronoun refers to a thing or kind of person (not a specific person or persons), then "which" is an appropriate translation.

FUTURE AND FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE, CH. 27

FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE

Formation:
present stem (2nd principal part minus -re)
+ bo, bi, bu (for 1st & 2nd conj.) or + am, ēs, et (for 3rd, 3rd io, 4th)

1st/2nd, 3rd/fero/fīō, 3rd io/4th
amābō, pōnam*, audiam*
amābis, pōnēs, audiēs
amābit, pōnet*, audiet*
amābimus, pōnēmus, audiēmus
amābitis, pōnētis, audiētis
amābunt, pōnent*, audient*

eō, sum
ībō, erō
ībis, eris
ībit, erit
ībimus, erimus
ībitis, eritis
ībunt, erunt

*Final m, r, or t in a Latin word will shorten a preceding long vowel. The sequence nt will shorten the preceding vowel anywhere in a Latin word. These rules affect ALL LATIN WORDS, not just verbs.

Translation: __ will verb e.g. vidēbis = you will see, ferēmus

FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE

Formation (for all conjugations and irregulars):
Perfect active stem (3rd principal part minus ī)
+ erō, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erint

videō, vidēre, vīdī
Stem: vīdī – ī = vīd
vīderō, vīderis, vīderit, vīderimus, vīderitis, vīderint

audiō, audīre, audīvī
Stem: audīvī – ī = audīv
audīverō, audīveris, audīverit, audīverimus, audīveritis, audīverint

Translation: __ will have verbed e.g. amāverint = they will have loved, cēperō = I will have taken

Present Participle

amō, amāre
amans, amantis- loving
videō, vidēre
videns, videntis- seeing
mittō, mittere
mittens, mittentis- sending
capiō, capere
capiens, capientis- taking
audiō, audīre
audiens, audientis- hearing

Examples:
1. Subito vir per viam celeriter currens (nom. s. m. agrees with vir) cecidit.
(cadō, cadere, cecidī, casūrus – to fall)
Suddenly the man running quickly through the road fell.
or
Suddenly the man who was running quickly through the road fell.
2. In domīs ferociter ardentibus (abl. pl. f. agrees with domīs) multī miserī iam aderant.
In the fiercely burning houses there were still many poor people.
or
In the houses which were burning fiercely there were still many poor people.

Ch. 25 p. 60 Translation

Quintus now was not a boy but a young man, ready to take up his toga virilis ("manly toga"). Very many of his friends had left the school of Orbilius and were studying (or "were keen for") rhetoric. He himself did not want to study in school any for a longer time; he was wanting to enter a wider field. Winter had passed, Spring was now here. Quintus sat in school while Orbilius was discoursing on some old poet; Quintus had studied no poet more frigid ("dull") than that one. He was not listening to Orbilius but was himself writing a poem; he had already made these verses which particularly pleased him(?).

The snows have fled, now the grasses return to the fields,
and leaves to the trees...


Problems with this Latin:

1) studeo, studere +dat. usually means "be keen on" or "be eager for" not "study" and would certainly not be used in the way shown here.

2) ei in the final qui clause seems to refer to Quintus (Horace). If so, it should be "sibi" the more natural pronoun choice in this context because context wants a reflexive to refer back to the original and notional subject, Quintus.

3) The quoted verses are from the beginning of Horace Ode 4.7, but in fact they changed the first word from diffugere to diffugerunt. The former is a rarer alternate form which means the same thing. However, when they changed the Latin word, they actually made this into bad poetry as if someone were to quote Poe's Raven with this change:

Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore,
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,
As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.
"'Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door -
Only this, and nothing ELSE." (instead of more)