53 & 54

RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH SUBJUNCTIVES

Most relative clauses have indicative verbs. However, there are several reasons the verb in a relative clause may be subjunctive instead.

1) Attraction or sub-oblique subjunctive- sometimes a verb in a relative clause or other subordinate clause seems to be subjunctive only because it is inside of (subordinate to) an indirect statement or a subordinate clause with a subjunctive verb.
I know that the man whom you see is not good.
Scio virum quem videas non bonum esse.

2) Relative clause of CHARACTERISTIC. These kinds of relative clauses are generalizing and describe a kind of person or thing rather than a specific one. Thus, as many generalizing clauses, they take subjunctive verbs. Often these are found in sentences like: There are some who… /There was no one whom… / Was there anyone whose…?
There is no one who would help. / ..to help.
Nemo est qui adiuvet.
Is there anyone whom we should/may call? / …to call?
Estne quem vocemus?

3) Relative clauses with subjunctive may fill in for other subjunctive clauses, for example, result or purpose clauses. Often these categories will clearly overlap with the Realtive Clause of Characteristic.
The most common of these is perhaps relative clauses of purpose. For these the relative pronoun will almost always refer back to the main clause subject or object. When translating, you will typically need to insert an appropriate personal or demonstrative pronoun of the same case as the relative into the purpose clause.
Milites misit qui cum hostibus pugnarent. (qui replaces normal ut and refers back to milites)
He sent soldiers so that they (nom. like qui) might fight with the enemy. / …to fight with the enemy.
Currunt quos dux laudet. (quos replaces ut and refers back to the plural subject
They are running so that the general will/may praise them (acc. like quos).

DATIVES
The dative of interest includes most datives of persons (or other sentient beings). However, it is useful to know some of the common subcategories. For example, the dative of agent that we saw recently with passive periphrastic. The other common dative of interest is the dative of possession.

Of Possession

Appears with the being verb, the dative is the possessor.
Translate dative as subject with has/have as verb in same tense as being verb and with original subject as English object.
Liber mihi est. I have a book.
Multae domus Caesari erant.
Caesar had many houses.

A common dative that is used for things (or more often ideas/verbal concepts) is the dative of purpose or predicative dative. It is often used with a dative of interest so that two dative appear close together. The dative of purpose shows what the subject of the clause acts as or serves as. It can be translated with the phrase “as a source/cause of…” or by turning the dative noun into an adjective.

Of Purpose
auxilio venit.
He came to help. / He came as a source of help. / …to be helpful.
Saluti cibus erat.
The food was a source of salvation. / ..was a cause of safety/health. / …was life-saving.

Double Dative
Caesar omnibus spei erat.
Caesar was a source of hope for everyone.
Mons mihi odio est.
The mountain is a source of hatred for me. / I have a hatred for the mountain.

Ch. 50-52 Vocabulary Sentences

Here are some sentences with perfect grammar and good word order. More will come when I receive everyone else's on Wednesday.

GERUNDS

Nick Hubner
Celebrando sacrificium apparemus prisci. ("Sacrificio celebrando" would be preferable in most Latin authors, but this is good Latin too.)

Eliza Liu
voluptatem dolendi celebrat.

Andrew Coons
dolendo sumus magni.


GERUNDIVES


GERUNDIVES IN PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC

Andrew Coons
doctrina sapiens est ornanda omni modo.
nonnumquam plausus est accipiendus.

James Dormer
preces parandae sunt.

Alyssa Walker
quisquis supremus est audiendus (est).
aureum initium defendendum erat.

Hanna Bertoldi
Plausus ter audiendus erat.
praeceptum sapiens mirandum est.
modus priscus desiderandus (est).

E Howser
sacrificium apparendum (est).
amandus sum.

Anthony Wishard
Miranda est.

Morgan Burgess
Preces dicendae sunt.
Plausus mirandus est.


OTHER

Andrew Coons
scribam modestum desideravit.

James Dormer
illud bonum praeceptum est.
praesentem noctem desidero. (I don't get this one, but the grammar is fine.)

Matt Naiman
omni modo vir sanctus sapiens est.
aureum initium erit.

Alyssa Walker
sanctus vir fuit sapiens.
mollem aram orno.
maestam scribam miror.

E Howser
tutum praeceptum do.
nonnumquam doleo.
voluptas suprema (est).
canis mollis (est).

Clay Clements
Plausus est supremus.
Vir est omni modo sanctus.
Vir est maestus./ Vir est modestus./ Vir est praesens.

Eliza Liu
praeceptum sapiens miror.
Quintus tutus domum recessit.
nonnumquam preces similes sunt.
religio suprema est.
ter plausus eam delectavit.

Olivia Hill
omnes milites miratus sum.

Anthony Wishard
scribam requiram.
maestus est.
modestus es.
praesens sum.
praeceptum requiro.
supremam doctrinam cupio.
aureum initium cupio.

Graham Gibson
Opus est mihi solacio quod doleo.
Auxilium praeceptumque rogo.
sacrificium in aurea ara erat.

Kyle Rhoads
Tuam modestam uxorem miror.
Semel dolui, sed vir nunc sum.
Solacium supremum nonnumquam sapiens religio est.
Vitam omni modo celebro.

Joe Strawitz
maestum scribam desidero.

Perfect ch. 49 Vocabulary Sentences

RESULTS ARE IN

Historical:
1. Augustus rempublicam restituit et novum saeculum fecit. -Kyle Rhoads
2. None even close...

Dynamic:
1. Quis cupit me occidere? -Matt Naiman
2. 1 vote behind: hostibus cessit quasi imbecillus. -Andrew Coons

Humorous:
1. Quasi... -Matt Naiman
2. 2 tied for 2nd place with 1 vote less:
a. Ultra puellam foedam moecha pulchra est, ecce. -Matt Naiman
b. me taedet scholae. -E Howser

Most Latin:
1. Exsilii me taedet. -Kyle Rhoads
2. None even close...

Wisest:
1. Vivit quasi cras moriturus est. -Eliza Liu
2. None even close...


Great sentences everyone. We have history, action, humor, and obscenity.

For extra credit on your quiz grades, you may pick your favorite in each of the following categories and then translate them:

1) most historical
2) most dynamic, action oriented
3) most humorous
4) most Latin (i.e. most unlike English idiom)
5) wisest, most philosophical

Andrew Coons
consensus gentem barbaram confirmavit.
provinciam veterem restituit.
hostibus cessit quasi imbecillus erat.

Kyle Rhoads
Exsilii me taedet.
Universos ultra provincias delebo.
Quid te iuvat?
Augustus rempublicam restituit et novum saeculum fecit.
Clamaverunt quasi essent in periculo.

Matt Naiman
tibi cedo.
Senatui placet aurum saeculum adesse.
Quis cupit me occidere?
Quasi… (Valley girl lingo)
Ultra puellam foedam moecha pulchra est, ecce.

Elizabeth Harkinson
spem saeculi restituo.
mihi accidit ut discedamus.

James Dormer
Universas provincias restituit.
me iuvat assequi.

Nick Hubner
Quis saeculum delevit?
me oportet restituere validum consensum.
Quasi periculo adiecit…

Joe Strawitz
mihi placet consensum assequi.

Morgan Burgess
se oportet pacem provinciae restituere.
me taedet gentis barbarae.

Lauren Bejzak
iuvat me amicas assequi.
vobis licuit urbem evertere.
quis domum rediit?
hoc saeculum validum est.

Eliza Liu
me oportet eam confirmare.
mihi licuit puero valido minari.
vivit quasi cras moriturus est.
avis ultra nubes volat.

Anthony Wishard.
provinciam confirmo.
gentem deleo.
meum somnum restituo.
milites exercitui adicio.
linquere minor.
consensum assequor.
linquere me iuvat./linquere mihi licet./linquere me oportet./linquere mihi placet.
eius me taedet.
mihi accidit ut linquam.
quid facis, Quinte?
ultra ianuam eo.

Olivia Hill
non cedebant sed mox Quintus consensum confirmabat.
me iuvat canere.

Clay Clements
quasi mihi accidit…

Hanna Bertoldi
tui me taedet.
se iuvat gentem assequi.
viro valido licet provinciam restituere.
me oportet consensum magnopere confirmare.

E Howser
me taedet scholae.

PERFECT FEAR CLAUSES

Here are the top 3 from your rankings.

1. Mike Weil
Timebant silvam intrare.

2. Kyle Rhoads
Vereor ut eam videam.

3. Hanna Bertoldi
Timeo ne hostes nos occidant.

There were many very creative sentences this time. Congrats to all!

Fear Clauses proper require ne (positive) or ut (negative) + subjunctive following the sequence of tenses. However, since I did not specify clearly, I have also included correctly constructed object infinitive clauses with verbs of fear.

Primary Sequence Fear Clauses
(present subjunctive shows later time, perfect shows earlier time than main verb)

Morgan Burgess
Vereor ne cadam.

Lauren Bejzak
Horatia timet ne non iuveni nubat.

Matt Naiman
timeo ne flava et candida puella me capiat.

Alyssa Walker
timet ne magister irascatur.

Hanna Bertoldi
Timeo ne hostes nos occidant.
Timeo ut veniat.

Kyle Rhoads
Vereor ut eam videam.

Secondary Sequence
(imperfect subjunctive shows later time, pluperfect shows earlier time than main verb)

Anothy Wishard
Ego verebar ne moreretur.
Verebatur ne non discederet.

Eliza Liu
Quintus timebat ne canis cenam raperet.
Caesar verebatur ne mortem obiret. (great use of idiom)

Joe Strawitz
Qunitus timebat ne Scintilla cenam non paravisset. (pluperfect shows earlier time)

Lauren Bejzak
timebatis ne canes insulam regeret. (humorous)

Graham Gibson
Quintus timebat ne veterem amicam puellam in foro videret. (the longest)

Kyle Rhoads
Timebamus ne Quintus uxorem puniret.

Object Infinitive Clauses with Verbs of Fear
(technically the infinitive clause is the verb's direct object)

*Note the subject of the infinitive is the same as main verb's subject.

E Howser
timebamus hostem pugnare*.

Mike Weil
Timebant silvam intrare*.

Ch. 50 & 51

GERUNDS AND GERUNDIVES

The English equivalent of a Latin gerund is the verbal noun in -ing. E.g. Running* is fun. *verbal noun as subject

The gerund is a verbal noun made from the neuter singular forms of the gerundive. It has no nominative, and it is never used as a subject, a direct object, or a complement to an intransitive verb that takes an infinitive (like possum or soleo).
Examples: amandi (gen.), amando (dat.), amandum (acc.), amando (abl.)

In English we can sometimes use infinitives (to see) and gerunds (seeing) interchangeably.
To see is to believe./Seeing is believing.

Latin is more particular. Infinitives are reserved for subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, and verb complements.

Examples:
To see is to believe.
Videre (subject) est credere (predicate nominative).
He dared to come.
Venire (direct object) audebat.
We are able to leave.
Possumus discedere (verbal complement).

Gerunds may be used as an objective genitive or genitive complement to a noun or adjective. They are often found with a following causa or gratia (for the sake/purpose of) to show purpose.

Examples:
desirous of loving
cupidus amandi
opportunity for leaving
occasio/facultas discedendi
time for coming
tempus veniendi
to help/for the sake of helping
adiuvandi causa/gratia

They may be dative as the dative complement to a verb or other word (some adjectives take dative). These are often akin to a dative of purpose (for/for the purpose of).

Examples:
suitable for fighting
aptus/idoneus pugnando
He is eager to go.
Studet eundo.

In accusative gerunds are typically the object of ad or occasionally in. They usually show purpose and can be used in many of the same ways as ad + accusative gerund.

Examples:
He sent them to help.
Eos ad adiuvandum misit.
The book is suitable for reading.
Liber est idoneus ad legendum.

In ablative, a gerund may be used as an ablative of means/instrument (or perhaps ablative of cause) without a preposition or sometimes with in or de + ablative.

Examples:
They destroyed the city by burning (it).
Incendendo urbem deleverunt.
We talked about leaving.
De discedendo loquebamur.

GERUNDIVES

Gerundives have the same stem as gerunds but are 1st and 2nd declension adjectives with all their forms just as bonus -a -um. Technically gerundives are the future passive participle, but we often do not see this in translation.

Gerundives are often used in place of gerunds when a gerund would have an accusative direct object, but keep the gerund with verbs that are intransitive or take other cases (e.g. Kevin's "amor pugnandi cum ursis", "love of fighting with bears" because pugno is intrasitive). The gerundive, when used in place of a gerund and direct object, is usually translated in English by a gerund (verbing) or infinitive (to verb).
In Latin the noun and the gerundive go into the same gender, number, and case--the case being subject to the function in the sentence just as with a gerund. Note that the case comes from the function but the gender and number come from the noun; the gerundive just agrees.

Examples:
He came to see you all.
Ad vos videndos venit.
He fought for the sake of saving his country.
Patriae servandae gratia pugnavit.
The pen/quill is suitable for writing books.
Idonea penna ad libros scribendos (or "libris scribendis") est.
By defeating the enemy we have acquired freedom.
Hostibus vincendis libertate potiti sumus.

Beware that you should not use a gerundive however, if it would agree with a neuter pronoun in the genitive, dative, or ablative case when the gender would be ambiguous.

It is suitable for helping those things (things/not people).
Ambiguous, Bad Latin: Idoneum est adiuvandis eis*. *could be masc. or neuter
Good Latin 1: Idoneum est ad ea adiuvanda. {Gerundive avoids ambiguous case.
Good Latin 2: Idoneum est ea adiuvando. {Gerund with accusative pl. neuter object.

The Romans, and especially Caesar, also often avoided the jingling two syllable rhyme of phrases like "eORUM videndORUM causa" and "puellARUM puniendARUM occasio" by substituting a gerund with accusative object, "eos videndi causa" and "puellas puniendi occasio".

Genitives of personal pronouns used with gerundives must be the objective forms: mei, tui, sui, nostri (not nostrum which is for partive genitive), vestri (not vestrum which is for partive genitive).

A noun and gerund may be the object of a verb that means to manage or undertake an action. Curo, curare is the verb most often used this way.

Examples:
I see to it that the fort is built. ...that the fort be built.
Castrum aedificandum curo.
He managed to have the town destroyed. ...that the town be destroyed.
Oppidum delendum curavit.
They will undertake to defeat us. ...that we be defeated.
Suscipient nos vincendos.

PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC

The gerundive may be used with a form of sum to show obligation or necessity.

Examples:
Pecunia paranda est. Money has to be gotten/prepared. / Someone must get/prepare money.
Liber erat legendus. The book had to be read. / Someone had to read the book.
Milites mihi* monendi erunt. The soldiers will have to be warned by me. / I will have to warn the soldiers.
*Unlike most passive forms the passive periphrastic takes a dative of agent with no preposition instead of a/ab + ablative (ablative of agent).

END OF CHAPTER 47 STORY

You were supposed to translate the following into Latin and then add an additional Latin sentence as an ending.

Story:

Whenever he left, we were always sad until he returned. As long as he* was away, we could not sleep. For without him* we were afraid, since we did not know what we should do. Therefore, we waited until we should receive new orders. While we were waiting, a messenger suddenly approached.

Translation:

Cum discesserat, semper erāmus maestī dum rediit. Dum aberat, poterāmus dormīre. Quō enim absente (or “nam sine quō”), timēbāmus, cum nescīrēmus quid faceremus. Igitur manēbāmus dum imperia nova acciperēmus. Dum manēmus, nuntius subitō accessit.

My example ending:
Then he was about to speak, when out of the blue he fell down showing a sword in his back.
Tum dictūrus erat, cum de improvīsō cecidit gladium in tergo (suō) praebens.


Other Endings with Perfect Grammar

Hanna Bertoldi
Roma litterae erant.

Anthony Wishard
Subito nuntius mortuus est.

Alyssa Walker
Nuntium diligenter audivimus.

E Howser
Epistulam dedit.

Kyle Rhoads (I have to admit this one seems like a non sequitur. I don't see the connection to the story.)
Itaque Quintus punivit uxorem.

ch. 48

Fear Clauses

Fear clauses occur with main verbs and expressions such as vereor, timeo, metuo, or timor erat. They use subjunctive verbs in Latin and are introduced by ne (positive) or ut (negative). The subjunctive follows sequence of tenses; thus it will usually be present subjunctive in primary sequence and imperfect subjunctive in secondary sequence.

They use ne for for positive fear clauses because it is actually like a wish for the feared outcome not to happen. Similarly negative fear clauses may be introduced by ut because they are actually like a wish for something to happen, when it is feared it won't.

Examples:
Timebat ne Caesar ad se* veniret. (positive fear with ne)
He/She feared that Caesar would come to him/her. / ...lest Caesar should come to him/her.

*Notice in fear clause the reflexive sui, sibi, se, se refers back to the original subject as in purpose and indirect commands, unlike in results where a demonstrative pronoun (e.g. is, ea, id) would be used to refer to the main clause subject.

Timuerunt ne discederes.
They feared that you would leave. / ...lest you should leave.

Vereor ut Caesar veniat. (negative fear with ut)
I am afraid that Caesar will not come. / ...lest Caesar not come.

Vereberis ut discedam.
You will be afraid that I will not leave. / ...lest I not leave.

Note that verbs of fear and hesitation (e.g. dubitare) may also take object infinitive clauses in certain contexts. Consider the difference in the following:

Timemus discedere. We are afraid to leave.
(object infinitive, subject same as main verb)

Timemus ne discedat. We are afraid that he will/may depart.
(regular positive fear clause, subject different)

Timemus ne nimis celeriter discedamus. We are afraid that we will/may leave too quickly.
(regular positive fear clause with same subject as main verb.)

ch. 49

IMPERSONAL VERBS

Impersonal verbs are so called because they do not have a personal subjective in the nominative case. What is conceptually the subject will actually be in some other case in Latin.
Verbs of Feeling with a genitive of the object of feeling and accusative of the subject.
miseret: +acc. of subject and +gen. of object.
Translate: (acc.) feels sorry/pity for (gen.).
Note: The literal translation (which is awkward and misleading in English) is: "It makes (acc.) feel sorry for (gen.)"

NOTE: If a pronoun is the genitive object, you must use the objective genitive forms: mei, tui, sui, nostri, or vestri.
Example:
Te mei miseret.
Literally: It makes you feel sorry for me.
Good English: You feel sorry/pity for me.
Me tui miseruit.
Literally: It made me feel sorry for you.
Good English: I felt sorry/pity for you.

Other verbs that work the same way are listed below. These verbs are all 2nd conjugation so the imperfect is -ebat, the perfect -uit (except taedet has pertaesum est), and the future is -ebit.

paenitet - (acc.) feels sorry/repentant for (gen.)
piget - (acc.) feels peeved/annoyed/irked/upset about/at (gen.)
pudet - (acc.) feels ashamed about (gen.)
taedet- (acc.) feels tired/bored about/of (gen.)

Examples:
Paenitet eos erroris.
They are sorry (repentant) about the mistake.
Mox taedebit Caesarem pugnandi.
Caesar will soon be tired of fighting.
Pudebat me filiae.
I was ashamed of my daughter.
Piget hunc virum nostri.
This man is peeved/annoyed with us.

Impersonals that tend to take an infinitive.

Some take accusative subject and infinitive verb.
oportet - (acc.) ought to (inf.), it is (acc.)'s duty to (inf.)
decet- it befits (acc.) to (inf.), it is proper for (acc.) to (inf.)
I ought to leave. It is my duty to leave.
me discedere oportet.
It will befit him to win. It will be proper for him to win.
Decebit eum vincere.

Some take dative of interest for the person involved.
libet- it pleases (dat.) to (inf.), (dat.) likes (inf.)
licet- it is permitted or allowed for (dat.) to (inf.), (dat.) may (inf.)
It pleased us to build the city. We liked to build the city.
Libuit (or "libitum est") nobis urbem aedificare.
It is permitted for you all to go. You all may go.
Licet vobis ire.

Verbs often used as impersonals.

iuvat: It pleases (acc.) to (inf.)
It pleases us to come. Nos venire iuvat.
placet: It pleases/is pleasing for (dat.) to (inf.); (dat.) decides to (inf.)
It was pleasing for me to sail. I decided to sail.
Navigare mihi placuit.
videtur: It seems good/best to (dat.) to (inf.); (dat.) decides to (inf.)
It seems best to him to stay. He decides to stay.
Manere ei videtur.

Many of the above impersonals may sometimes take an ut clause instead of acc./dat and inf.

Examples:
Iuvat ut adsis.
It is pleasing that you are here.
Placuit ut Catilina hostis rei publicae esset.
It was decided that Catiline was an enemy of the state.

These ut clauses are typically called substantive result clauses and they also occur with verbs that mean happen.
Accidit ut vincat. It happens that he is winning.
Factum est ut adesset. It happened that he was present.

Impersonal Passives of Intransitive Verbs

Intransitive verbs can only be impersonal if used in the passive voice.

Examples:

Pugnatum est totum diem. It was fought (i.e. People/soldiers fought) all day.

Ignotum mihi est. It was forgiven to me. (literal) / I was forgiven. (good English)

Puellae imperabitur ut discedat. It will be ordered to the girl that she leave. (literal) / The girl will be ordered to leave (good English)

Ch. 47

Inverse Cum Clause

Sometimes a cum clause with an indicative verb occurs at the end of a sentence. This is called an inverse cum clause. Most commonly the cum clause will have a perfect or present tense verb, and it typically shows a surprising and important bit of information. Sometimes a word like subito (unexpectedly) will occur in the cum clause.

Caesar in oppidum veniēbat cum (subito) Gallus occurrit*.

Caesar was coming into the town when (suddenly) a Gaul ran towards him.

Cum “whenever”

Cum clauses with indicative verbs of the perfect system, most commonly pluperfect, sometimes are used in a generalizing way just like the general conditions that you learned which also use indicative verbs. The main clause in such a sentence may have a word like saepe (often) or semper (always) to indicate the generality/frequency of the situation.

Cum vēnerat, eum (semper) salutābant.

Whenever he came, they always used to greet him.

Cum discessit, (saepe) gaudent.

Whenever he leaves, they (often) rejoice.

Cum vicerint, (semper) memorābunt quod dixi.

Whenever they win, they will (always) recall what I said.

Dum (donec, quoad) Clauses

The word dum + present indicative, even when the main verb is past, means “while”—this is usually the first clause of a sentence.

Then, while the water level (i.e. height/depth of the water) was still increasing, I saw him stumble.

Tum, dum altitudo aquae iam crescit, eum prolabi vidi.

Dum + indicative (present and other tenses too) means “as long as.” This is also found usually as the first clause. The main difference is that dum + present will show time within which something happens; dum + other tenses will show the total duration of time something occurred.

But, as long as I was waiting, the water kept rising higher.

Sed, dum expectabam, altior aqua surgebat.

Dum at the end of a sentence usually means until. It may take indicative or subjunctive, but the subjunctive is preferred if intention or purpose is involved.

I wanted to stay until he arrived (i.e. until he should arrive). Shows intention so subjunctive.

Manere volebam dum adveniret.

Meanwhile he was running as fast as he could (i.e. as quickly as possible) until he became too tired.

Interea quam celerrime currebat dum nimis defessus (or “defessior”) factus est.

Meanwhile he walked till he could walk no more.
Interea ambulabat dum non iam potuit.

Connecting relative

Sometimes where we would use a personal pronoun or a demonstrative (this, that), Latin uses a relative pronoun (qui, quae, quod) at the beginning of a sentence.

Tempestas erat. Quod cum ita esset, nautae timēbant.

There was a storm. Since this was so, the sailors were frightened.

Caesar uxorī imperābat ut discederet. Quae cum nollet, ibi manēbat.
Caesar ordered his wife to leave. Since she (this woman) was unwilling (to leave), she stayed there.